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Integrated Nitrogen Management With and Without Beneficial Microbes in Spring Maize and its Carry over Effect on Subsequent Mung Bean

Thesis Info

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Author

Azeem, Kamran

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7863/1/Kamran%20thesis%2030-05-2016%20%28Agron.%29.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726479309

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The effectiveness of beneficial microbes in improving soil fertility and crop productivity may vary with soil organic matter and nitrogen contents. For this purpose, field trials were conducted at the Agronomy Research Farms of the University of Agriculture Peshawar to evaluate the effect of beneficial microbes, organic and inorganic N ratios and N levels in spring maize and mung bean cropping system in semi-arid alkaline calcareous soil condition of Peshawar during 2014 and 2015. Maize was sown in spring followed by mung bean in summer. The experiment was consisted of three factors i.e., beneficial microbes (BM) (with BM and without BM), organic and inorganic N sources (R) (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0), desired nitrogen (N) levels (100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1) and control. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Plot size was 4.2 m x 4 m having six rows in maize and 12 rows in subsequent mung bean. Row to row distance for maize and mung bean was 70 and 35 cm respectively. Mung bean was sown without application of the cited treatments for carry over only. Based on the average results of the two years, BM significantly enhanced plant height (220 cm), SPAD value (62.53), days to tasselling (63.3 d), silking (66.9 d), maturity (101 d), leaf rea (437 cm2), LAI (3.47), ears m-2 (7.0), grains ear-1 (576), thousand grains weight (269 g), biological yield (16543 kg ha-1), grain yield (5438 kg ha-1), harvest index (32.9 %), soil organic matter (1.04 %), stover N (0.77 %), grain N (1.64 %), grain protein (10.23 %), stover N uptake (76.3 kg ha-1), grains N uptake (89.8 kg ha-1), total N uptake (127 kg ha-1) and N use efficiency (24.5 kg grains kg-1 N supply). Higher soil mineral N (47.7 mg kg-1) was observed without application of BM. Application of organic and inorganic N in 50:50 R significantly improved plant height (222 cm), SPAD value (63.68), days to tasselling (63.1 d), days to silking (66.9 d), days to maturity (100 d), leaf area (456 cm2), LAI (3.61), ear m-2 (7.0), grains ear-1 (554), thousand grains weight (266.3 g), biological yield (16792 kg ha-1), grain yield (5732 kg ha-1), harvest index (34.1 %), stover N (0.81 %), grain N (1.68 %), grain protein content (10.5 %), stover N uptake (81.06 kg ha-1), grains N uptake (97.17 kg ha-1), total N uptake (131.9 kg ha-1) and N use efficiency (25.9 kg grains kg-1 N supply). Higher soil organic matter (1.21 %) was observed with application of full dose of N applied from organic source. Soil mineral N (50.2 mg kg-1) and soil total N (0.085%) were observed with application of organic and inorganic N in 75:25 R. Application of N @150 kg ha-1 significantly increased SPAD value (61.9), leaf area (445 cm2), LAI (3.59), ears m-2 (6.9), grains ear- 1 (548), thousand grains weight (266.2 g), grain yield (5228 kg ha-1), harvest index (32.7 %), grain N (1.63 %), grain protein (10.19 %) and grains N uptake (85.82 kg hav 1). Higher plant height (220 cm), days to tasselling (63.9 d), silking (67.3 d), and maturity (102 d), biological yield (16589 kg ha-1), soil organic matter (1.21 %), soil total N (0.082%), stover N (0.89 %), stover N uptake (93.13 kg ha-1) and total N uptake (144.03 kg ha-1) were observed with application of 200 kg N ha-1. Similarly, N use efficiency (26.13 kg grains kg-1 N supply) were recorded with application of N @ 100 kg ha-1. In mung bean, higher pods m-2 (214), grains pod-1 (11), thousand grains weight (50.8 g), grain yield (918 kg ha-1), biological yield (5896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (17.12 %) were observed with the residual effect of BM. However, more pods m-2 (231), grains pod-1 (11.2), thousand grains weight (50.8 g), grain yield (927 kg ha-1) and biological yield (6141 kg ha-1) were obtained with the residual effect of organic and inorganic N in 75:25 and 50:50 R while higher harvest index (17.7 %) was observed with organic and inorganic N in 50:50 R. Higher grains pod-1 (10.8), thousand grains weight (51.24 g), grain yield (917 kg ha-1) and biological yield (5935 kg ha-1) were observed with the residual effect of 150 kg N ha-1 while higher harvest index (17.12%) was observed with residual effect of 100 kg N ha-1. On the basis of above results, it was concluded that BM in combination with N @ 150 kg N ha-1 in organic and inorganic ratio of 50:50 performed better and are, therefore, recommended for higher productivity in spring maize-mung bean cropping system in the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar Pakistan.
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چئیر مین بھٹو شہید کے بہادر اور غیرت مند بیٹے

چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کے بہادر اور غیرت مند بیٹے

میرے لیڈرز میر مرتضی بھٹو اور شاہ نواز بھٹو شہید کی ایک نایاب وڈیو ۔کابل میں کافی عرصہ مجھے مرتضی بھٹو اور شاہ نواز بھٹو کے ساتھ وقت گزارنے کا موقع ملا ۔جیسا کہ اس وڈیو میں آپ نے دیکھا دونوں کو اتنا ہی دلیر اور بہادر پا یا ۔دونوںنے جس بہادری سے جنرل ضیاء الحق سے جنگ لڑی وہ اپنی مثال آپ ہے ۔اس لڑائی میں میر مرتضی بھٹو اور شاہنواز بھٹو کا جس طرح کرنل قذافی اور حافظ السد نے ساتھ دیا انہوںنے چیئرمین بھٹو سے اپنی دوستی کا حق ادا کیا ۔

مجھے فخر ہے کہ میں میر مرتضی بھٹو شہید اور شاہ نواز بھٹو شہید کے قافلے کا ایک سپاہی تھا ۔

سکھر جیل کی 48سینٹی گریڈ کی گرمی میں پھٹ چکی جلد ،پھنسیوں سے بھر چکے جسم ،کان کے  شدید انفیکشن میں مبتلا نصرت بھٹو کی پنکی (بے نظیر) جو پیلے گدلے پانی سے پیاس بجھانے کی ناکام کوشش کرتی رہتی ہے اسے ماں اپنی قید سے اس کی قید میں خط بھیجتی ہے

میری بہت ہی پیاری پنکی !

دن میں تین چار مرتبہ اپنے جسم پر پانی ڈالوتا کہ حدت کم محسوس ہو ۔اس کو آزمائو ،میں بھی سر جھکا کر گردن کے پیچھے اور سر کے اوپر پانی کے مگ ڈالتی ہوں ۔پھر پنکھے کے نیچے بستر پر لیٹ جاتی ہوں ۔اس طرح کپڑے خشک ہونے تک بہت ٹھنڈک نصیب ہوتی ہے ۔اس طریقے سے پھنسیوں سے بھی حفاظت رہتی ہے ۔یہ شاندار نسخہ ہے ۔میں اس کی پرزور سفارش کرتی ہوں ۔

پیار کے ساتھ

تمہاری ممی

 

Obligingness to Leadership: A Case Study of the Qur’an

We can divide human beings into two categories: Leaders and Followers. Leaders are a few, the rest of the overwhelming majority of the human beings are followers. They show an earnest tendency of following or obligingness towards their leaders. This capacity of the following is exploited and abused by the egoist and toxic leaders to bring destruction to their followers and the world. The author of the paper tries to explore and determine the motives of obligingness or complaisance of blind following. The author studies this phenomenon in the light of theories of the hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow, The Situational Factor by Philip Zimbardo, the Function of Labeling by Albert Bandura and Ego Depletion by Michael Cholbi. These theories have earned good acceptance from the experts. The theories are found helpful to understand the mentality of leaders and their followers as described by the Qur’ān. These theories are applied to some selected cases from the Qur’ān to reach a better understanding of the phenomenon. The Qur’ān at many places describes and discusses this human tendency. It presents dialogue between the leaders and their blind followers in the life hereafter, the person of Pharaoh, his maneuvering, his courtiers, the common people of Egypt, the followers of pagan chieftains and their opposition to the prophets give us ample description to know how blind following actually works under the influence of leadership. The author hopes that this study helps understand the mentality of the present day leaders and their blind or complaisant followers.

An Analysis of Households Demand for Improved Water and Sanitation Services Towards Better Planning in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This comprehensive study was carried out in the urban area of Peshawar, Pakistan, to analyze the Households’ (HHs) demand for improved water and sanitation services. As a capital city, Peshawar has much Push and Pull factors of migration along with all possible environmental and sociological ramifications. Over the past few decades, the natural population growth and the influx of Afghan refugees followed by the recent settlement of IDPs has triggered urban sprawl resulting in an immense pressure on the municipal services. In the absence of proper urban planning, the poorly functioning institutional capacity and the land market are promoting irregulated land transfer and speculation, the households tend to cluster together. This trend has overburdened the carrying capacity of existing infrastructure and the municipal services can no longer cope with the needs of the continuously expanding urban population. Water and sanitation are usually taken into consideration in isolation, however, they are complementary and mostly jointly demanded. In most cases, they cannot be studied in isolation. While designing a project for water and sanitation usually the beneficiaries are ignored altogether, although communities have both the right and obligation to be involved in the planning and implementation of any project and programmes. Limited data is available about the socio-economic condition, municipal services, and the demand-side information of household priorities, preferences and their Willingness to Pay (WTP) for improved water and sanitation services. The weak political commitment, inadequate institutional capacity, poor technology, and scanty financing are some of the major obstacles to acceptable water and sanitation services. In light of the above mentioned problems the present study is a preliminary work and step towards a pluralistic approach to incorporate communal values to analyze the household demand for improved WSS for ensuring better planning in district Peshawar. The Contingent Valuation (CV) survey method with a sample size of six hundred (600) was used to investigate HHs demand for improved Water and Sanitation Services (WSS) through a well-designed questionnaire. Data was collected through the household survey, field observation, and Key Informant Interview (KII). The perceptions of the HHs were evaluated through various statistical tools like satisfaction, priority, and performance indices. The Linear Logistic Model was used to estimate the impact of various influencing factors on the household demand for improved WSS. xiv The findings reveal that majority of HHs (89.8 per cent) are served by Water and Sanitation services Company in Peshawar (WSSP) and have public water tap facilities at home. However, most of the respondents (72 per cent) are not satisfied with these services and have reported poor quality, low pressure, inadequate quantity, unreliability, and distance from the source as the main problems. The study reveals that the lack of funds, paucity of modern tools, improper planning and insufficient skilled staff are the major obstacles in the provision of quality WSS. Majority of the HHs (89 per cent) are willing to pay PKR 328 per month for Improved Water Services (IWS)1 . Policy variables such as the income of the respondents, education, occupation, ownership of the house and household size have a significant impact on household demand for IWS. Regarding sanitation, the analysis shows that a majority of HHs (97 per cent) have latrine facility at home but the latrines are not connected to the sewerage line. In the absence of proper sewerage facilities, 80 per cent respondents report that the existing environmental condition of the area is pathetic and unhygienic. Chocked drains, dysfunctional wastewater treatment plant, absence of the sewerage line, lack of public latrines, inadequate water supply and improper solid waste management are the main problems of the study area. Majority of households (93 per cent) are not satisfied with the existing services and demand for Improved Sanitation Services (ISS)2. Policy variables such as income, education and household employment have a statistically significant impact on household demand for ISS. The study further revealed that a majority of households (452) are willing to pay PKR 220 per month for ISS. This study concludes that a pluralistic approach for incorporation of the communal values is imperative in the planning process for a city like Peshawar. This approach will increase the level of satisfaction of a majority of households, create a sense of ownership among the people, and generate additional revenues for the sustenance of these services. This study also identifies new avenues for further investigation in water and sanitation in the region.