Climate in Pakistan gradually increases in severity in north-south direction; this is also the general flow direction of Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) and canal commands. Thus, in general crop water demand increases and rainfall decreases in head-tail end direction of the canal commands. Insufficient delivery of canal water in comparison to increasing cropping intensities and water demands has lead share of groundwater irrigation to be at par with canal supplies. This has given birth to groundwater mining problems and increasing irrigation costs in tail ends of the canal systems. The research was conducted in Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) irrigation system to explore way out to curtail and reverse abnormal groundwater lowering trends at tail ends of canal systems and ensure equity of irrigation costs. Data regarding canal water, groundwater depth and quality, spatial climate variability and crop water requirement was analysed. Groundwater model of the area was developed using Groundwater Vistas software. Groundwater pumping by the farmers was the most complex parameter; crop water deficit approach was adopted to estimate it on Kharif and Rabi season basis. Different canal water reallocation scenarios encompassing 50 years time were developed and simulated. Most plausible reallocation pattern from head to tail end of the command was found for achieving the combined cost and quality equity of canal and groundwater use in the command. At prevailing pattern and average cropping intensity of 159.7%, the annual crop consumptive use requirements increases from 1051 to 1152 mm from head to tail end respectively, with 9.6% increase. Annual normal rainfall decreases from 472 mm at head to 212 mm at tail end, with 55.1% reduction. Net crop consumptive use requirement (after accounting rainfall contribution) is 725 mm at head end and 908 mm at tail end (distributed over CCA), thus 25.2% larger at tail end of the command. Canal supply is fairly uniform at distributary head, with out any trend in head tail end perspectives. Balance of crop water requirement is largely met by groundwater vpumping to the tune of 492 mm at head to 518 mm at tail. Groundwater recharge from canal supplies and rainfall reduces from 430 mm at head end to 285 mm at tail end. Groundwater depth varies from 4-8 m at head end to 14-20 m at tail end. Groundwater mining is taking place at tail end @ 0.34-0.60 m/year, whereas in head end areas groundwater levels are stable. About 49.35% area, mostly between LBDC canal and Ravi River is fresh. The areas on left side of the LBDC command i.e. head reach, upper part of the middle reach and a small patch in tail reach near Jhanian town fall under saline to marginal quality. In general groundwater quality improves towards the tail end. Excessive lowering of watertable has made groundwater pumping 2.37 times and overall irrigation cost 2.19 times expensive in tail reach areas of the command. With continued equitable canal water supply, after 50 years from now, tail end farmers will be bearing 3.17 and 3.92 times of irrigation costs than at head end, in case of Stochastic (S) and Post LBDCIP (P) flow series, respectively. With 25% reallocation from head towards tail end (with linear variation in between and comparatively less reallocation form saline head end areas) improves the standard deviation of cost inequity from 1905 to 323 and 1607 to 241 for S and P flow series, respectively. There is also net saving in groundwater pumping cost of 7.24 to 18.9% for the area in comparison to existing equitable canal water distribution. With this approach, at least no or minimal waterlogging in the head end area even during wet years and at the same time, no groundwater mining in the tail end can be expected. It is recommended that canal water duty may be re-established in consideration of spatial variability of climatic parameters (rainfall and ET) within and amongst the canal systems in the region. Temporal and spatial analysis of groundwater quality, travel time calculations, solute transport simulation and MODPATH run do not show much vulnerability of lateral saline intrusion, due to very slow movement of groundwater, except salts up- coning from deep saline water in Shergarh sub-area is posing the threat.
ایہہ پنجابی شاعری دا اک پرانا روپ اے جس وچ ہفتے دے ست دناں دے ناواں تے شاعری کیتی جاندی اے۔ جویں بارہ ماہ وچ مہینے دے ناں اتے شاعر اندرلیاں تے باہرلیاں رتاں نوں بیان کردا اے۔ڈاکٹر ونجارا بیدی آکھدے نیں۔
’’ اک پر سدھ لوک کا وروپ ، جس وچ کسے وچار بھاونا تے منوت نوں ہفتے دے ست واراںنوں آدھا ر بنا کے پرگٹ کیتا گیا ہوے۔‘‘(۱)
ایس کوتاوچ عام کرکے شگن تے بدشگن ، وہم تے ہور ایسے طرح دے بھرم ، بندے دے جیون نال جڑے ستوار یاں وچ بیان ہوندے رہے نیں۔ لین دین ، سفر ،پہناوا تے کھان پین تو اڈرتاں دا بدلن وی ستواریاں دا حصہ بنیا۔ لوک شاعری دا پینڈا کرکے ایہہ صنف کلاسیک دا جز بنی تے کلاسیکی شاعراں ایس دے موضوع نوں ہور کھلا ریا تے پیار محبت وچ جدائی دے تے ہجر نوں بیانیا جو ایس کائنات دے بنن پاروںجمیا وحدت دا کثریت وچ کھلرن ہی فراق دا مڈھ اے۔
جمعرات سہاونی، دکھ درد نہ آہا باپ
اوہ جامہ ساڈا پہن کے ، آیا تماشے آپ
اگوں آگئی جمعرات شرابوں گا گر ملی برات
لگ گیا مست پیالہ ہاتمینو بھل گیا ذات صفات
دیوانی ہو رہی
ایسی زحمت لوک نہ پاونملاں گھول تعویذ پلاون
پڑھن عزیمت جن بلاونسیاں شاہ مدار کھڈاون
میں چپ ہو رہی (۲)
کوی نے اپنے ست وارے وچ ہجر دے اثرات نوں انج بیان کیتا اے۔
Nations are identified, through their characteristics, behavior, conduct, power of thinking, determination, respect for humanity and adventures. Only material things do not guarantee the progress and development, until the individual of those nations have a proper line of action with sincerity, justice, high ethics and enlightment. If these just and sincere qualities are not in any nation, that nation cannot progress well. Today, as a nation there are serious threats to our culture and social edifice. And our frozen practice and progress can only be melted and activated by teachers. And no doubt, the life of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) is a source of great guidance for a teacher, because Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) is the greatest teacher of humanity throughout the history and a teacher following the foot prints of teachings of Prophet ((P.B.U.H)) can lead any nation towards the apex of prosperity, progress and development. The life of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) vividly reflects that a teacher should be a model towards society and nation. His vision, his practices and his teachings should accord one another. It is an established fact that teacher is a leader to any nation.
The first movement of Urdu Literature raised its voice in Fort william college which bases remained beyond theoritical reference Sir syed''s revolutionary objectivity was upheld opponent hand of many writers claimed their supremecy against him and contemporary animosity paved its avenues among these movements Whenever the Literature griped by individuality substanardisation shaked its foundation The first chapter of the thesis is''''The biginning of Urdu Language and Literature'''' which showed urdu language with its background. Initial phases and reasons of growth of language are described.All combats and adventures in the name of provinces in Indo-Pak continent are emphasized. This chapter also deals with the writer''s idealogies to comments the connections between Punjab,Sindh,Dakkan,Delhi,Bangal,Mysur, Behar,Gujrat,Potohar,Madras and other regions controversial idealogies in the beginning of language is discussed here.During British rule in Hindustan,Orientalist initiated conflicts between Hindus and Muslims on the bases of Hindi,Urdu and Hindustani which was strenthened by prejudice Hindus that germinated on endless controversy.This chapter describe the whole penorama and also elaborates the conflict revolving around the style of expression. The second chapter is titles as ''''Contemporary animosity in poetry and Literature''''that reflect the colours of urdu poets and written controversal discussions with each other on the ground of language ,words and style.The disciplin of poetry,art of language and the excellence of expression are the subject of this chapter. The third chapter deals with literary movements with their literary and historical back ground .The movement like the earliest urdu poetry,ambegous movement,Fort william college,Ali garh movement,Romantic movement,Progressive movement,Islamic movement,Pakistani literatur and some other movement are discuss in this chapter The fourth chapter represent the contemporary animosity of Journals and the editors of Journals,that develops from Tehzeeb ul akhlaq and leads towards 21st century when written controversal discussions were published in different magazines The fifth chapter name as ''''personaly and individualy animosity'''' the richest chapter of the thesis.Famous literary adventures are its soul the competition between poetry and prose as one to one are not negated.Literary achievements of meer and Sauda,Insha snd Mushafi,Nasikh and Aatish, Anees and Dabeer, Ghalib and Zauq,Abdul majid and Aazad, Qasmi and Wazir aagha,Narang and Farooqi,Salim akhtar and Anwar sadid, Himaet ali shaer and Mohsin bhopali,Allama Iqbal,Fraz and Iftikhar arif and others can never be neglected besides this the unique competition between old and new contrmper poets and writers are vitally added to the chapter.As one couplet of ghazal to be the cru this chapter is the soul of this thesis. The last chapter of the thesis is ''''The complete analysis of contemporary animosity in urdu literature'''' which manifests observations and significances of the little and the work undone are also dealts without selecting options the splended vastness and the side effects of the merit relevent are precisely discuss.