This dissertation describes the designing, synthesis and applications of a novel functional ionic liquid named as DMF-like Multipurpose Functional Ionic Liquid (MFIL). Its designing is based on attaching N-methylformamide functionality to imidazolium ring through two carbon spacings. It has been synthesized through a viable synthetic scheme in quantitative amount and characterized through latest spectroscopic techniques. After this, its physical parameters like melting point, viscosity, thermal stability, and miscibility behavior were determined. The values of all physical parameters were quite appropriate for it to behave like reasonable ionic liquid to act as solvent or solvent-cum-reagent. With all its structural and physical profile completed, it was evaluated for its efficiency to prove as a better substitute of ordinary DMF. It is fact that DMF does not merely act as a solvent for dissolving reactants, instead it can act as an active reaction media that affects the outcome of certain reactions. In addition to this, it is also used as activator of certain inorganic and organometallic reagents and as precursor for the synthesis of highly valuable Vilsmier reagent. The novel DMF-like multipurpose functional ionic liquid has been evaluated as a better substitute for some of ordinary DMF-dependent reactions like nucleophillic substitution reaction, and as an activator of sodium periodate. Apart from this, the ionic liquid version of Vilsmier reagent was prepared from DMF-like ionic liquid and it was proved to be more stable, water resistant and efficient substitute of ordinary Vilsmier reagent. It was evaluated for some Vilsmier reagent promoted reactions like direct chlorination and iodination of alcohols, N-alkylation of phthalimides, Beckmann rearrangement, and Lossen rearrangement. More interestingly same reagent was also found to be better alternative to Mitsunobu reagent and some of the Mitsunobu reagent catalyzed reactions have been executed successfully. The ionic liquid-based Vilsmier reagent was also used a dehydrating reagent for some reaction occurring by dehydration. Further investigation into the applications and scope of ionic liquid-based Vilsmier reagent indicated that variety of Pummerer rearrangements can be accomplished through it with possibly best yields. All of the above reactions were found to produce relatively more efficient results in DMF-like ionic liquid as compared to ordinary DMF in terms of better yields and faster reaction rates. Apart from this, green reaction conditions, softer reaction condition, easy recovery of products and recycling of ionic reagents thus minimizing the generation of chemical waste were the major salient aspects of the current methodology. Therefore, ionic liquid version of DMF was proved to be efficient substitute of an ordinary DMF. The novel DMF-like MFIL has been designed, synthesized and checked for its potential to accomplish wide range of useful chemical transformations. This has become first of the functional ionic liquids that can perform more the one task. This is in contrast to other functional ionic liquids which are designed as task specific in their performance i.e. they can perform only one specific task. Due to unparallel ability DMF-like functional ionic liquid to promote multifarious applications, it was found to be “multipurpose” functional ionic liquid therefore it has been named as DMF-like multipurpose functional ionic liquid. This is going to be the first example of this kind of ionic liquids thus justifying the title of the thesis.
اُستاد عبداﷲ کنون معاصر مراکشی عالم ، مورخ اور ادیب ( شیخ نذیر حسین ) عصر حاضر کے ممتاز مراکشی مصلح، عالم، ادیب اور مورخ استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے ۹؍ جولائی ۱۹۸۹ء کو بیاسی برس کی عمر میں انتقال کیا۔ ان کی ساری زندگی تعلیم و تدریس، تصنیف و تالیف اور دعوت و تجدید میں گزری۔ وہ ۱۳۲۶ھ؍ ۱۹۰۸ء میں فاس میں پیدا ہوئے، انھوں نے دینی اور روحانی ماحول میں پرورش پائی۔جب مراکش پر فرانسیسی سیادت قائم ہوگئی تو ان کے والد عبدالصمد طنجہ (Tangier) کے بین الاقوامی شہر میں چلے آئے۔ اس کے بعد وہ ہجرت کرکے مدینہ منورہ جانا چاہتے تھے، لیکن پہلی جنگ عظیم کے باعث وہ اپنے خاندان سمیت طنجہ ہی میں ہمیشہ کے لیے مقیم ہوگئے۔ استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے ابتدائی تعلیم اپنے والد ماجد اور اعلیٰ تعلیم مراکش کے مشاہیر علماء سے پائی۔ بیس برس کی عمر میں وہ تعلیم و تدریس کے علاوہ اخباروں اور رسالوں میں مضامین لکھنے لگے۔ اس وقت سرکاری مدارس میں فرانسیسی زبان کا چلن تھا اور عربی زبان خارج ازنصاب تعلیم تھی، اس لیے استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے مسلمان بچوں اور بچیوں کی تعلیم کے لیے طنجہ اور تطوان میں آزاد مدارس کھولے، جہاں ذریعہ تعلیم عربی زبان تھی۔ ۱۹۵۳ء میں فرانسیسیوں نے سلطان محمد خامس کو معزول کرکے ایک غیر مقبول شخصیت کو مراکش کے تخت پر بٹھادیا تو سارا ملک سراپا احتجاج بن گیا۔ سلطان کی بحالی کی تحریک میں استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے قائدانہ کردار ادا کیا۔ جب سلطان محمد خامس مراکش کے تاج و تخت پر دوبارہ متمکن ہوئے تو انھوں نے عبداﷲ کنون کو طنجہ کا حاکم اعلیٰ مقرر کیا۔ اس کے بعد جب طنجہ کے بین الاقوامی علاقے کا مراکش میں انضمام ہوا تو وہ سیاسی اور مالی معاملات طے کرنے کے لیے دول یورپ اور حکومت...
This study examines the economic conditions of Jews in Fatimid Egypt from the 10th to 12th centuries CE. Through an analysis of primary sources, the study provides a nuanced understanding of the economic and social factors that affected the Jewish community during this period. The study argues that while Jews in Fatimid Egypt enjoyed certain economic privileges such as their involvement in international trade networks and their exemption from some taxes, they also faced some social and political restrictions, including forced conversion and discriminatory laws in the era of some Fatimid rulers. Despite these challenges, the Jewish community in Fatimid Egypt demonstrated resilience and adaptability, developing a range of economic strategies to maintain their livelihoods and build social networks. These strategies included investment in trade and finance, engagement with the wider Muslim society, and the development of communal institutions. The study highlights the complexity of Jewish economic life in medieval Egypt, challenging simplistic assumptions about the economic conditions of minority groups in pre-modern societies.
The subject matter of the present dissertation deals with isolation, characterization and evaluation of biological activities of selected species belonging to families Solanaceae, Guttiferae and Pinaceae. The enclosed research data of the thesis is divided into following parts. PART A: Phytochemical Studies of the Selected Species of Family Solonaceae PART B: Phytochemical Studies of the Selected Species of Family Guttiferae PART C: Phytochemical Studies of the Selected Species of Family Pinaceae PART D: Evaluation of Biological Activities PART A Part A describes the phytochemical investigation on Witahinia coagulans and Physalis divericata (Solanaceae). Six new (45-50) and ten known (51-60) withanolides have been isolated from W. coagulans of Pakistani origin, whereas withaphysanolide A (61), a novel withanolide together with five known physalins (62-66) and four withaphysalins (67-70) were isolated from the P. divericata. Various experimental techniques and extensive spectroscopic studies were used for the structural elucidation of the compounds. The isolated withanolides were evaluated for inhibition activity on lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) induced B-cell, concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T-cell proliferation and against human colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 and human lung cancer NCI-H460 cells PART B Part B includes the isolation and characterization of constituents from Hypericum species (Guttiferae). Six new (105-110) and fourteen known xanthones (111-124) along with nine other compounds (125-133) have been isolated from H. oblongifolium, while six known compounds (134-139) were isolated from H. dyeri. These components were evaluated for respiratory burst inhibitory (anti-inflammatory), enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. PART C Part C contains the the GC and GC-MS analysis of various extracts from conifers belonging to family Pinaceae. The amount and composition of lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives as well as proanthocyanidins in the bark of seven Pakistani conifers were analyzed. The bioactive polyphenols and other known compounds were found interesting in order to find a potential value-added use of local tree species. Gravimetrically these extracts were analysed for lipophilic and hydrophilic extractactives. The predominant lipophilic extractives were common fatty and resin acids, fatty alcohols, and sterols. Different known lignans, stilbenes, ferulates, and flavonoids were generally predominant among the hydrophilic extractives. Pinus species e.g. P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana and Picea smithiana showed large amounts of lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives compared to the other examined conifers. Pinus roxburghii was found different from the other pine species having smaller amounts of both types of extractives. A. pindrow and T. fuana were also found to have the smallest amount of hexane extracts. The proanthocyanidin content and composition revealed that especially Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow could be rich sources of such compounds. PART D Part D is concerned with evaluation of biological activities of crude extracts, fractions, semi-pure and pure constituents. Different solvents soluble fractions of the selected plants belonging to family Guttiferae (H. perforatum, H. oblongifolium, H. monogynum, H. choisianum and H. dyeri), Pinaceae (bark and knotwood of Picea smithiana, Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, P. geradiana, P. roxburghii and Cedrus deodara) and Taxus fauna from the north west of Pakistan were screened for their possible antioxidant activity. Anticancer (anti-proliferative) and enzyme inhibitory activities of Hypericum species as well as the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and urease inhibitory activities of pure compounds isolated from Hypericum, Physalis and Withania species were also studied. Four complementary test systems, namely phenolic compounds, free-radical scavenging capacity, measuring of reducing power and total antioxidant activities by Phosphomolybdenum method were used for analysis. We report here for the first time the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the various extracts and fractions of the listed plants for the first time except Hypericum perforatum which has been the subject of many investigations. The objectives of this study were to explore the biological and medicinal value of the extract/fractions of the above mentioned plants.