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Home > Investigation of Oncogenic Potential of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Mmtv in Breast Cancer

Investigation of Oncogenic Potential of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Mmtv in Breast Cancer

Thesis Info

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External Link

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Sciences & Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Biological & Medical Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10729/1/Wasifa%20Naushad_NUST_2019_Biosciences.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726506013

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Breast cancer is the mostly affecting women and is the most common cause of women death globally. In Asia, Pakistan is considered as having very high breast cancer incidence rate which is increasing every year by 19.33%. Numerous studies proposed oncogenic viruses can cause breast cancer, but the proposal is still debatable. Research from past decade has linked viral infection to breast cancer development. This study was aimed to identify the prevalence of endogenouse MMTV sequences and investigate potential pathogenesis of exogenous MMTV virus with host restriction factor (BST-2) in breast cancer development and progression. To identify MMTV prevalence, qualitative PCR technique was used, and DNA samples of breast cancer tissues were screened for MMTV prevalence using specific detection primers. Our results conclude that of 29.3% of breast cancer samples (n=250) were positive for the presence of MMTV sequences with no detection of MMTV in healthy control samples. Also, the statistical analysis showed no association of MMTV prevalence with the breast cancer disease outcomes except for age and grade of breast cancer patients. The restriction factor BST-2/tetherin plays a critical role in preventing the release of MMTV progeny virions from infected cells and in promoting viral clearance through activation of signal transduction pathways. Although BST-2-mediated effect limits cell-free virus infection and spread, what happens to the infected cells ladened with unreleased virions is yet to be determined in breast cancer.To further investigate that BST-2-tethered MMTV virus particles may change molecular signature of infected cells that results in cell-to cell viral spread. Using acute retrovirus infection model and various cell lines (NMuMG, 4T1, HMLE and MDA-231), it showed that titer of extracellular MMTV virus significantly increases while intracellular viral load decreases in BST-2 suppressed cells. Despite equivalent starting cell numbers, BST-2-expressing MMTV infected cells exhibit increased proteolytic and non-proteolytic cell motility. The motile MMTV infected cells contain high levels of viral nucleic acids, BST-2, and metalloproteases. Interestingly, increased cell motility of BST-2-expressing cells correlates with increased infection of target cells in a trans-infection model of virus transmission as well as high activity of metalloproteases. Our findings suggest that in MMTV infection, depends on BST-2 expression to alter the anti-MMTV effect of BST 2 through NF-κB activation that leads to increased MMP-9 secretion. It is concluded that MMTV infected BST-2 expressing cancer cells promote metastasis by enhancing the ability of virus-ladened cells to migrate, carve through extracellular membranes, and infect a population of target cells at distal sites by colony formation and resistance to anoikis. The direct impact of this study will be on women suffering from breast cancer. Spreading awareness via public health sectors regarding Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus screening and link to breast cancer, will aid in the preventive measures against breast cancer.
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والدین کی عظمت

والدین کی عظمت
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر گفتگو کرنی ہے وہ ہے’’عظمت ِوالدین‘‘
صاحب ِصد ر!
والدین ایک عظیم نعمت ہیں ، ان کا وجود مسعود رحمت ہی رحمت ہے۔ ان کی موجودگی اولاد کے لیے باعث ِبرکت ہے، ان کی رضاء میں اللہ کی رضا ہے، ان کی ناراضی میں خدا کی ناراضی ہے۔ حدیث پاک میں ہے کہ جس نے یہ دیکھنا ہو کہ مجھ پر اللہ تعالیٰ راضی ہے یا ناراض تو وہ اپنے والدین کا چہرہ دیکھ لے اگر والدین خوش ہیں تو رب تعالیٰ بھی خوش ہے اگر والدین ناراض ہیں تو رب تعالیٰ بھی ناراض ہے۔
صدرِمحترم!
قرآنِ پاک میں نصِّ قطعی سے ثابت ہے کہ اپنے والدین کے ساتھ بھلائی کرو، ان کا احترام کرو، اُن کے ساتھ اچھے طریقے سے گفتگو کرو، ان کو اُف تک نہ کہو ، والدین ایک ایسی ہستی ہیں کہ یہ اولاد کا کبھی بھی بُر انہیں سوچتے ،ان کے لیے مشکلات برداشت کرتے ہیں، پریشانیوں کو سینے سے لگاتے ہیں، اُن کی اعلیٰ تعلیم وتربیت کا انتظام کرتے ہیں۔
صدرِذی وقار!
والدین کے چہرہ کو دیکھنا ایک عبادت ہے اللہ تعالیٰ مقبول حج کا ثواب عطا فرماتا ہے۔ حدیث پاکؐ میں ہے کہ کسی شخص نے پوچھا کہ مجھ پر سب سے زیادہ حق کس کا ہے آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ تیری ماں ، پھر پوچھا گیا آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ تیری ماں، پھر پوچھا تو آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ تیراباپ۔
معزز سامعین!
ماں کے بارے میں کہا گیا کہ’’ جنت ماں کے قدموں کے نیچے ہے‘‘ ماں ایک ایسی نعمت غیر مترقبہ ہے کہ جس کا بدل دنیا میں ناممکن ہے۔ ماں آنکھوں کو...

الحرية الدينية فى الاسلام

ALLAH has created the mankind as a rational being. He created mankind and Jinns for His worship and He sent mankind upon Earth so that they inhabit it with the complicated tangle of faithfulness in God and yet do the worldly deeds. He will hold accountable each individual for what he did. This test would not remain valid if not accompanied with necessary freedom of action and belief. Freedom is actually bestowed upon mankind by God Himself and it will be totally wrong to maintain it as a modern achievement that came after western, or any other enlightenment. It is not that a human or a group of them or any constitution or charter can truly give or grant freedom. Most important of all this is freedom of Religion. There is no compulsion in Religion, 2: 256. The early Muslims remained steadfast to this principle in all of their Ghazvat and they granted freedom of religious belief to their subjects. Religious sites and houses of worship were safeguarded against any harm. Islam and religious freedom are not put together. The following article will examine the Issue of Freedom of Religion in Islam and will try to remove misunderstandings regarding the issue.

Extraction of Bioethanol from Agricultural Wastes by Using Termites Gut Flora Through Fermentation

Pakistan utilizes huge amount of budget to import petroleum products from other countries because very limited resources of fossil fuels are available in country. However combustion of fossil fuel increases concentration level of greenhouse gases, those are destroying environment. There is a need of some alternate and cheaper resources of energy to overcome the deficiency of fuels. There are number of challenges for the marketable applications of the advanced technologies of fuel production which includes pretreatment methods and enzymes production. For the microbiologist and ecologist, termite gut represents an outstanding representative of highly structured micro environments and therefore also called as mini biorefineries. Because the decomposition of lignocelluloses is proficiently perform by these soil insects. A study was conducted to develop a method for the production of bioethanol from agricultural waste materials which includes corn stover, cotton stalk and rice straw by using cellulolytic bacteria from termite gut. Bacteria were isolated from termite gut and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolates were screened for CMCase and xylanase activity. Three isolates were selected among which two were bacillus sp. and the one was cellulomonas sp. Their avcilase CMCase and xylanase activities were studied on selected temperature and pH. It was found that all of the bacterial isolates have shown higher avicelase activity at 40 oC, CMCase and xylanase activity at 50 oC. Isolate 9x, 10 and 31 have shown higher avicelase activity at 7 pH, whereas CMCase activity was found to be optimum at pH 8. In case of xylanase activity isolate 9x and 10 showed higher activity at pH 6 and isolate 31 at pH 7. Biological and chemical pretreatments were compared for corn stover, cotton stalk and rice straw. Efficiency of enzymes of bacterial isolates for saccharification of agricultural substrates was assessed. It was observed that xylanase (isolate 9x) 1 2 released more sugar amount from corn stover as compared to other substrates. Direct saccharification and fermentation of corn stover and rice straw was carried out using all three bacterial isolates without using pretreatment methods. Ethanol concentration was analyzed by using High performance Liquid chromatography. It was observed that isolate 31 has produced higher amount of ethanol by using corn stover. Therefore it was found that these bacterial enzymes have the potential to hydrolyze not only pure substrates but can also degrade agricultural substrates. Bacterial isolates obtained from termite gut have potential to can convert different agricultural substrates into valuable bioproducts including various alcohols (ethanol) which may have new innovative source for producers.