Surfactants have received significant attention in the last decades due to their tremendous industrial and medicinal applications. The addition of small quantity of polymer or electrolytes further enhances their potentials as their surface properties can be easily manipulated. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the surface behavior of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant and its interactions with Poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) having different molecular mass in the absent and presence of electrolytes. The surfactant was characterized by using various available techniques like surface tension, light scattering, viscosity and conductance measurement. Its CMC was obtained as 1mM which was reproducible and consistent. The aggregation behavior of three samples of poly (ethylene oxide) having 6, 12, 35 Kg/mol molecular mass was investigated using surface tension measurement and a relationship between molecular mass and surface tension was established. It was concluded that the characteristic concentration (CC) and critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) of PEO was decreased as the molecular mass of polymer was increased. The intrinsic viscosity, hydrodynamic radius, RH, and molecular mass relationship was also established. The impact of poly (ethylene oxide) over the micellization process of surfactant (CTAB) was explored, using the above stated techniques. It was concluded that the CMC of CTAB was increased by the addition of polymer. The three interaction ranges of the polymer PEO and surfactant CTAB were identified at surface tension plot with respect to CTAB concentration. It was observed that these points / ranges are polymer concentration dependent. The temperature effect over these interactions and micellization behavior of CTAB was also highlighted. It was also noted that the value of CMC, ΔH and flow activation energy of the PEO/CTAB system were smaller than for the mixture. It was noted that more the polymer added high the values of these parameters were. The value of CMC of CTAB was reduced with the increase in temperature. The RH and Rg/RH values obtained by light scattering also indicated such type of behavior. The CMC values were also obtained by viscosity and conductivity measurement. The results and conclusions drawn through all the techniques were consistent. New techniques have also been introduced to interpret the data obtained by surface tension, viscosity and conductance measurement and to get information about the point of interaction and saturation point of polymer with surfactant that were noted to be very useful and informative. Effect of electrolytes (LiCl, NaCl, KCl) and temperature over the micellization behavior of CTAB and its mixtures with polymer has also been discussed. It is concluded that the presence of electrolyte reduces hydrophilicity of CTAB, favoring micellization at relatively low concentration than in water at ambient temperature. The critical micelle concentration showed a marked decrease in the presence of electrolytes. This decrease in CMC in the presence of electrolytes was in the order of K+> Na+> Li+ and was explained on the basis of specific absorption of electrolytes, change in the structure of micelle, ionic strength and hence variation in the free energy of micellization. It was also concluded that CMC decreases with the increase in temperature of the system and was explained in term of solubility of surfactant, change in shape of micelle and free energy of the system with the temperature. Over all the study was found to be very useful to understand the surfactants and polymers interactions at molecular level in the absence or presence of electrolytes.
۱۹۷۹ءمیں مولانا مودودیؒ کو پہلا شاہ فیصل ایوارڈ دینے کافیصلہ ہوا۔یہ اعلان شاہ فیصل شہید فاؤنڈیشن کی ایوارڈ کمیٹی نے کیاتھا ۔مولاناؒ کویہ ایوارڈ دینےسے پہلے فاؤنڈیشن نے دنیا بھرکے ۵۰۰ کے قریب مسلمان شخصیات ،بین الاقوامی اداروں ،تنظیموں اورنامور لوگوں کوایک سوال نامہ ارسال کیا ۔اس سوالنامے میں ایسانام تجویز کرنے کی سفارش کی گئی جسے یہ ایوارڈ دیا جاسکے ۔جب یہ سوالنامے واپس آئے تو ۴۰۰ سے زائد سوالناموں میں مولانا مودودیؒ کواس ایوارڈ کاحقدارقراردیاگیا ۔یہ تعداد ۹۰٪ بنتی ہے ۔ جبکہ باقی دس فیصد افرادنے تحریر کیا کہ اگر مولانا مودودیؒ کویہ ایوارڈ نہ دیاجائے تو فلاں شخص کودے دیا جائے۔
The present position paper explores to examine Rajaa al-Sanea’s“Girls of Riyadh” (2005) from the Islamic feminist perspective. Also, the study highlights the model of western feminism epitomised in the narrative under reference, vis-à-vis the Islamic concept of feminism. Islamic feminism grants equal rights to women and ensures its implementation in the Islamic state and society, whereas Western-sponsored feminism dwells on the archetype of women’s liberalism. That, in turn, leads to an anarchic and chaotic society, because of its believing in bringing women not only equal to men but superseding them in socio-cultural positioning. In the existing situation, the novel decries phallocentric society of Saudi Arabia and aiming at replacing it by the sensate-secular feminism that believes in the undue autonomy of the women. In order to investigate the presence of overwhelming patrilineal mores, the study pursues Islamic feminism as a theoretical model and employs reader’s response technique as a methodology. More far the findings of the research are concerned, the researchers conclude that replacing the patriarchal autonomy in the said society by Islamic feminism is befitting and benefitting than to replace it by the western feminism.
The study on impact of teacher performance appraisal (TPA) on appraisers aimed at exploring the impact of appraisal on the performance of the appraisers, which has mostly been a neglected area of research in educational settings. The reasons of selecting this topic for research were my past personal experiences as an appraiser and the issues related to appraisal in my organization. I reviewed the literature which shows the impact of appraisal on teachers and students, but very little has been said from the appraiser's point of view. This study has been conducted in Bright Future School (BFS, pseudonym) one of the private secondary schools for boys in Karachi. The school has a unique model of TPA, which I call the three- phased model' of appraisal. There are three approaches; one approach is only for the teachers who are in their probationary period, the second serves formative purposes of teacher evaluations, and the third is appraisal for performance review of teachers done at the end of each year, and it serves the summative evaluation purposes. Qualitative case study was chosen as a method for this study, as it was very contextual. Four appraisers including the principal of the school and a teacher were taken as participants. The data were collected through interviews, documents analysis, and general observation of the school. The findings of the study revealed that TPA has both positive and negative impacts on appraisers. It shows appraisal as double loop learning for appraisers. It is not only a kind of benchmark for them, but they also enhance their job- related knowledge and skills like teaching strategies, planning, classroom management, communication, and evaluation. It also shows that appraisal has brought a positive change in the appraisers' attitude towards appraisal and the appraisers. Apart from the positive changes, the findings also show one negative aspect of appraisal, which is its rigidity. It limits the creativity of the teachers and makes them very dependent, when it only focuses the targets set by the appraisers. In this case, the relation between teachers and appraisers becomes super-ordinate and subordinate, which is a hurdle in the way of creating a friendly learning environment. The findings show that the TPA model of BFS is a relatively successful model, which links the individual goals with organizational goals, and ultimately leads towards the goals of providing quality education to children. It also serves simultaneously both the developmental and