The present work is focused on the fabrication of Sr-Ba based X-type ferrites substituted with transition metals (TM: Ni, Co), and trivalent rare-earth cations (Nd, Dy, Pr, Gd) for microwave applications. This dissertation presents a systematic study on four series namely, SrBaCu2-xNixNdyFe28-yO46, SrBaMg2-xNixCoyFe28-yO46, SrBaZn2-xNixPryFe28-yO46 and SrBaMn2-xCoxGdyFe28-yO46 (x=0 to 1.0 and y=0 to 0.1) of hexagonal ferrites. These X-type materials were fabricated by sol-gel method at 1250 °C temperature. The thermal decomposition of nitrate-citrate gel of as-synthesized samples and estimation of sintering temperature to obtain X-type phase was determined by DSC, TGA, and DTA analysis. X-Ray Diffraction patterns revealed pure X-type hexagonal phase of the investigated X-type hexaferrites, except for the series doped with Dy-Co an extra peak of orthorhombic phasedetected as DyFeO3 appeared for higher concentrations of Dy content. Lattice parameters (lattice constants, porosity, X-ray density, bulk density, crystalline size) showed variations with dopants (RE-TM) and their concentrations. There was increase in lattice constants (a, c) with increase in dopants concentration which was attributed to introduction of higher ionic radius of RE3+ cations in octahedral sites of Fe3+ ions.FTIR spectral study revealed the presence of absorption bands in the range 400-600 cm-1which are characteristics of hexaferrites. It was observed that substitution of RE-TM ions caused shifting of band positions due to change in metal-oxygen bond length at A- and B-sites. From hysteresis loops magnitudes of saturation magnetization, coercivity as well as retentivity were calculated. It was observed that magnetic parameters (saturation magnetization, retentivity, coercivity) were enhanced with RE-TM doping in these X-type ferrites. For all samples, the values of saturation magnetization varied in range from 40 to 65 emu/g, and coercivity was found in range 1500-3500 Oe, the high values of Ms and Hcsuggested application of these RE-TM doped X-type ferrites in high density video recording and permanent magnets. The dielectric characteristics were carried out in frequency range 1 MHz to 3 GHz. The real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and tangent loss were decreased with the increase of frequency on the basis of Wagner and Koop''s theory. The resonance peak appeared in all samples above 2 GHz (i.e. in MW band) which is characteristics of materials used for EMI attenuation. The doping of RE-TM resulted in increase of dielectric constant, AC conductivity and Q-value for all series. In the Present studies it had been found that Q-factor decreased with concentration of RE-TM ions which reflected the fact that with addition of RE-TM substitution the loss of energy has been enhanced. Reduced size, high porosity, high losses, low Q values and high saturation magnetization endorsed these X-type materials for microwave absorption applications such as in mobiles, medicine, satellite communication, stealth and RAM etc.
ٹیکس کا موجودہ نظام امیر لوگوں کا تحفظ ، مفلس اور متوسط آمدنی والے طبقے پر بوجھ ڈالتا ہے۔ عام عوام کو جو ٹیکس ادا کرنا پڑتا ہے وہ ضرورت اشیا کے مطابق سترہ فیصد ہوتا ہے مگر تمام ٹیکسز کو ملا کر تین گناہ زیادہ بن جاتا ہے۔اور یہ ٹیکس امیر آدمی کے لیے تو رائی برابر مگر غریب اور متوسط طبقہ افراد کی کمر توڑ کر رکھ دیتا ہے۔ پاکستان کے تمام رہنما قانون آئین اور جمہوریت کی بات کرتے ہیں مگر ان عظیم رہنما ؤں نے کبھی بھی موجودہ نظام میں ٹیکسز کی اصلاح کا ایجنڈا پیش نہیں کیا تو شروع سے یہ نظام چلتا آ رہا ہے ،یہ جوں کا توںہی رہا اور عوام کا استحصال کیا جاتا رہا۔ قوم مسلسل اقتدار اور اعلی منصب پر فائز لوگوں سے ٹیکس وصول نہ کرنے کی سیاسی سرپرستی کی وجہ سے نقصان برداشت کرتی رہی۔لیکن اذیت کی بات تو اصل میں یہ رہی کہ یہ حکومت پھر بھی خود کو عوام کا خیر خواہ کہتی رہی۔موجودہ استحصالی نظام کی وجہ سے وہ افراد جن کا تعلق غریب طبقہ سے ہے انھیں کسمپرسی کی زندگی گزارنے پر مجبور کیا جا رہا ہے اور غربا میں کمی کی بجائے اضافہ ہوتا جا رہا ہے۔ملکی ترقی تب ہی ممکن ہے جب طبقاتی تفریق کا خاتمہ کیا جائے اور مساوات کا نظام روا رکھا جائے۔
ناول نگار نے کہانی میں عوام کے استحصال کو بھی موضوع بنایا ہے۔زمینداروں کے پاس سرمایہ نہیں ہوتا کہ وہ اچھی کاشت کاری کرسکیں جس کے لیے وہ زمین کے عوض سود پر رقم لیتے ہیں اور مقررہ وقت پر جب سود واپس نہیں کیا جاتا تو نتیجہ یہ نکلتا ہے کہ وہ زمین بنیوں کے پاس چلی جاتی ہے۔ اس...
There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith.
Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief.
Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.
Present study on wheat was an attempt to study the genetic diversity in 187 wheat landraces/cultivars at different growth stages and to identify the most salinity sensitive growth stage in wheat. Total 187 genotypes included 130 landraces/cultivars from Pakistan, 24 from Iran, 13 from Syria, six from Egypt, six from Italy, two from USA, one from Brazil, one from Cyprus and four from Mexico were evaluated. In first experiment all (187) genotypes were tested at germination stage under 200 mM NaCl stress. On the basis of salt tolerance trait indices (STTIs) of various traits studied at germination stage and vegetative stage 48 landraces/cultivars were selected. These 48 genotypes were tested under 250 and 300 mM NaCl stress at germination stage. Genotypes showed greater reduction in germination rate index, plumule and radicle fresh and dry weights under high salinity stress. In 2nd experiment all (187) landraces/cultivars were tested at vegetative stage in hydroponic under 200 mM NaCl stress. Eighty nine landraces/cultivars were selected including 48 landraces/cultivars of first experiment. These landraces/cultivars were selected based on STTIs of root and shoot length, tillers plant -1 , and root and shoot fresh and dry weights. These 89 genotypes were tested under 250 mM NaCl stress. Root length, root and shoot dry weights showed considerable decline under NaCl stress compared to controlled conditions. These traits were also positively correlated with each other and other growth parameters studied indicating that these traits were strongly associated with salinity tolerance. In 3 rd experiment 150 genotypes were evaluated at two locations in saline field conditions during 2007-08. Previously selected 48 genotypes 12 were evaluated during 2008-09 at both salt affected locations. Total biomass, spikelets spike -1 , tillers plant -1 and yield were the most salt susceptible traits in studied wheat landraces/cultivars. In 4th experiment six cultivars (Local white, Pavon, Pasban 90, Frontana, Tobari 66 and Chakwal 97) differing in salinity tolerance were crossed in half diallel format to study the inheritance mechanism of wheat genotypes under salinity stress. Broad sense heritability estimates indicated that improvement in wheat genotypes for salinity tolerance does exist. Additive genetic effects were significant for days to heading and maturity, fertile tillers plant -1 , and plant height indicating that selection in early segregating generations could be useful. Dominance effects were significant for yield and yield contributing traits, indicating that selection for yield under NaCl stress would be effective in later generations. All the yield attributing traits had positive correlation at both genotypic and phenotypic level with yield plant -1 , indicating that all these traits contributed towards yield and yield can be used as selection criteria under NaCl stress. In experiment No. 5, 26 RAPD and 240 SSR markers were utilized to study salt tolerance at molecular level. Twelve SSR markers (cfd 1, cfd 9, cfd 18, cfd 46, cfd 49, cfd 183, wmc 11, wmc 17, wmc 18, wmc 154, wmc 432, and wmc 503) detected specific alleles in salt tolerant genotypes only. Genotypes 10807, 11299, 11383, Local white, Pasban 90 (Pak) Sakha-92 (Egypt) and Roushan (Iran) proved to be most salt tolerant. These genotypes can therefore, serve as donor parents for developing salt tolerant wheat varieties. It can be concluded that salinity stress had significant inhibitory effects on early germination, vegetative growth, grain yield and yield attributing traits. Morphological3 and molecular analysis revealed that considerable genetic diversity present in tested wheat genotypes for salinity tolerance. Survival rate and STTI values revealed that vegetative stage was most salt sensitive. Heritability estimates and gene action under 200 mM NaCl salinity revealed that potential for improving salinity tolerance in wheat does exist. Germplasm studied could be utilized in future breeding program to release salt tolerant wheat varieties.