The aflatoxins are unavoidable contaminant of feed and food commodities. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB) has established hepatotoxic, immuno-toxic and carcinogenic properties. AFB is grouped as class I carcinogenic by International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC). Various methods to prevent dietary exposure of AFB are: use of chemopreventive agents like Silymarin (SLM) and adsorbents e.g. mycosorb (MYC). Among adsorbents, Probiotics (Live Lactobacilli) have exhibited good AFB binding properties in vitro as well as in vivo. Traditional Pakistani yogurt (Dhai) has been reported to be good source of such Lactobacilli. The current study was designed to evaluate protective effect of these Lactobacilli (PBT) species against AFB toxicity on liver, immunity and kidneys. One day old broilers (n=240) were reared under standard environmental conditions. On 3rd week of age, the broilers were segregated into different treatment groups: I (Basal diet), II (300 g of yogurt [PBT 1X] ), III (400 ppb of AFB), IV ( 600 g of yogurt [PBT 2X]+400 ppb of AFB), V (300 g of yogurt [PBT 1X]+400 ppb of AFB), VI (SLM 600mg/Kg body weight+400 ppb of AFB), VII (MYC 1g/Kg of feed+400 ppb of AFB). The above treatments were continued for two weeks i.e. 4th & 5th week of age. All birds were vaccinated against regional prevailing diseases such as Newcastle disease, Infectious bursal disease, etc. Two ml blood was collected on 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th weeks of age for measuring leukocytes count, serum antibody titre against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and clinical chemistry. Birds after weighing were euthanized and internal organs such as liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and kidney were collected for histopathological examination and determination of AFB residue in the liver. Data thus obtained were analyzed by two way ANOVA with LSD test (α=0.05) for multiple comparison. Ingestion of AFB resulted in significant decline in total body weight and relative weight of spleen and bursa of Fabricius, serum NDV antibody titer, total serum proteins and serum albumin. Moreover, significant rise in relative weight of liver, serum GPT, bilirubin and AFB residue in the liver were recorded in AFB-treated birds (p<0.05). Histopathological examination revealed vacuolar degeneration, bile duct hyperplasia and loss of hepatic chord in the AFB-treated birds. MYC intake significantly restored the negative effects of AFB in birds by its adsorptive action during exposure (p<0.05). The SLM intake caused substantial protection against harmful effects of AFB but the effect appeared on second week of exposure (p<0.05). However, protective effects of both SLM and MYC were lost when intake was stopped. Birds receiving PBT showed better NDV-antibody titer, normalized organs weight, serum total proteins, albumin, GPT and bilirubin (p<0.05) Histopathological findings also reflected shielding effects of PBT. The protective action of PBT was observed during the exposure as well as post exposure. It is concluded that Lactobacilli (PBT) in the Pakistani food significantly ameliorate the negative effect of AFB on immune system and liver presumably via its adsorptive properties which result in declined AFB bioavailability. Furthermore, investigations are needed to elucidate mechanism of protective action of such PBT persisting even after stopping of intake of PBT.
ایمان کا ایک بنیادی جز اس بات کا متقاضی ہے کہ نہ صرف اس بات پر یقین کامل ہونا چاہیے کہ حضور اکرمﷺبحیثیت خاتم النبیین اللہ تعالیٰ کے آخری نبی ہیں بلکہ اس کے ساتھ ساتھ آپﷺ کی ذات مبارکہ سے انتہا درجے کا عشق ہونا بھی ضروری ہے اور آپ کی تعلیمات پر عمل پیرا رہنا ہر صاحب ایمان مرد عورت پر فرض ہے۔ بحیثیت مسلمان ہمیں حضور پاک ﷺکی سیرت مبارکہ کے مختلف گوشوں کا مطالعہ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے تا کہ اپنی زندگی میں ان اصولوں کی پیروی کی جائے جو ہمارے لئے اسوہ حسنہ ہیں۔ لین دین کے معاملات سے لے کر حقوق العباد تک، عبادات سے لے کر ایمانیات و روحانیات تک الغرض شعبہ زندگی و عبادات سے متعلق ہر ممکنہ پہلوؤں تک ہماری یہی کوشش رہتی ہے کہ ہم سنت رسولﷺ کی پیروی کریں اور رسول اکرمﷺ کی تمام سنتوں کی مکمل طور پر پیروی کی جائے جو بدعات سے پاک ہوں۔ قرآن کے مطلوب و مقصود کے عین مطابق ہوں اور حضور اکرمﷺ کی اصل تعلیمات و تشریحات پر ہی مبنی ہو۔دین کے ایک طالب علم ہونے کی وجہ سے چونکہ ہم سیرت النبیﷺ کے مطالعہ کی اہمیت سے انکار نہیں کر سکتے۔ چنانچہ ہماری کوشش رہتی ہے کہ ہماری علمی تراث میں سیرت نگاری پر جتنا لیٹریچر مرتب کیا جا چکا ہے اس کا ایک تاریخی جائزہ لیا جائے۔ مصادر سیرت کے ہر ہر جز کی بنیاد کے فہم کو سمجھا جائے اور ایک عجمی ہونے کے ناطے ہمیں جہاں عربی مصادر سیرت نگاری کا مطالعہ کرنا درکار ہو گا وہیں اردو زبان میں شائع شدہ سیرت نگاری کا ایک تفصیلی و تحقیقی (بشمول...
Reformation of society and ways of training has been discussed by political experts of all the times. Seminars are also conducted on these subjects in every nook and corner of the world. The experts have led emphasis on training besides Islamic education and training. It indicates that the society cannot be reformed until elements of training are not incorporated into it. Thus, Prophets also stressed upon training besides preaching for the social system. It was the result of training that those Arabs who were enemies to one another became brothers to one another. Owing to this taring oriented education, women were given due rights in the society
In this thesis, the main emphasis is on collocation technique using Haar wavelet. A new method based on Haar wavelet collocation is being formu- lated for numerical solution of delay differential equations, delay differential systems, delay partial differential equations and fractional delay differential equations. The numerical method is applied to both linear and nonlinear time invariant delay differential equations, time-varying delay differential equa- tions and system of these equations. For delay partial differential equations two methods are considered: the first one is a hybrid method of finite differ- ence scheme and one-dimensional Haar wavelet collocation method while in the second method two-dimensional Haar wavelet collocation method is ap- plied, and a comparative study is performed between the two methods. We also extend the method developed for delay differential equations to solve nu- merically fractional delay differential equations using Caputo derivatives and Haar wavelet. Here we consider fractional derivatives in the Caputo sense. Also we designed algorithms for all the new developed methods. The imple- mentations and testing of all methods are performed in MATLAB software. Several numerical experiments are conducted to verify the accuracy, ef- ficiency and convergence of the proposed method. The proposed method is also compared with some of the existing numerical methods in the literature and is applied to a number of benchmark test problems. The numerical re- sults are also compared with the exact solutions and the performance of the method is demonstrated by calculating the maximum absolute errors, mean square root errors and experimental rates of convergence for different number of collocation points. The numerical results show that the method is simply applicable, accurate, efficient and robust