Studies on effect of different hosts on biology of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) carried out under laboratory conditions at 26±2°C and 65±5% R. H. indicated that the incubation period of eggs of C. carnea females feeding on different hosts as larvae was significantly (P <0.001) different from each other. The order of larval period on different prey species was Sitotroga cerealella > Aphis gossypii > Phenacoccus solenopsis > mixed host diet > Pectinophora gossypiella > Helicoverpa armigera.The maximum (100%) and minimum (50%) survival to adult stage was recorded on S. cerealella and P.gossypiella as hosts. The highest fecundity per female (503.3±9.17) and fertility (85.61±0.68) of eggs were recorded for females reared on S. cerealella eggs as a larval diet. C. carnea larvae consumed maximum amount of food when feeding on S. cerealella eggs followed by A. gossypii. The insects reared on artificial diet laid more eggs which were significantly more fertile than the eggs of insects feeding on S. cerealella. Survival to adult stage was also significantly higher for those insects feeding on artificial diet as larvae. Larval density had significant (P <0.001) effect on larval and pupal duration, pupal weight and percent adult emergence. When C. carnea was reared on different temperature regimes, 26°C was found to be the optimum temperature regime with significantly higher pupal recovery, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility of eggs. Experiments conducted at lower temperature regimes for extending the shelf-life of C. carnea indicated that duration of storage and temperature significantly affected egg survival. No egg survived when stored at 5°C. Egg stored at 7 and 9°C had 66.0 and 71.52% survival and all eggs were killed when stored for more than one week. Lower temperature had negative effect on survival of first instar C. carnea. Second and third instar C. carnea larvae showed better survival at lower temperature during storage compared with first instar. Compared with eggs and larvae, pupal stage of C. carnea was more sensitive to lower temperature regimes. Duration of storage and temperature adversely affected fecundity of females and fertility of eggs. Larval mass-rearing methods indicated that rearing of individual larva in plastic tubes yielded highest larval survival and percent adult emergence compared with other two methods. Different concentrations of various proteins in the artificial adult diet of C. carnea had a significant (P <0.001) effect on fecundity and fertility of eggs. The highest fecundity (785.12±25.75) and fertility (89.23±0.36) of eggs was recorded for adults feeding on diet containing Nu lure (5.0 ml diet -1 ). Among all colours tested, C. carnea females preferred black colour as a substrate for egg-laying and laid the highest (91.00%) xieggs. C. carnea laid highest number of eggs when a sex ratio of 1: 3 (male: females) was maintained. Radiation of C. carnea larvae and pupae affected the biological parameters. Larval period were extended when larvae were irradiated as first, second and third instars at 5 Gy. At higher dose levels, the biological parameters were affected negatively. Toxicity of insecticides against eggs of C. carnea varied significantly. Spinosad was non-toxic causing no egg mortality, abamectin was slightly toxic causing 2.5% mortality, while methomyl was highly toxic insecticide causing 26.25% mortality at field application dose rate. When C. carnea larvae and adults were exposed to insecticides, methomyl was found the most toxic and spinosad the least toxic insecticides. C. carnea egg cards were released in cotton (cv. NIAB-78) field for population management of sucking insect pests. Aphid, Aphis gossypii population reduction in predator released treatments was significant (P <0.001). By the end of season predator was able to cause 76.13 and 75.02% population reduction of aphid during 2005 and 2006, respectively. Release of C. carnea cards in cotton crop significantly (P <0.001) reduced the population of jassid, Amrasca devastans; thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. The level of population reduction varied between different pest species. Population reduction was 83.70 and 76.07% for jassid; 37.59 and 60.32% for thrips and 51.84 and 44.08% for whitefly during 2005 and 2006, respectively. Release of C. carnea egg cards also had a significant effect on resident population of C. carnea in predator released treatments compared with control treatments. When C. carnea larvae were released in field cage study, third instar larvae were significantly (P <0.001) more effective than first and second instars in reducing sucking insect pest population in cotton.
لسان فسوں فلک کی جالیوں سے لگ کر رونے والی۔۔۔! میری رگوں میں خون بن کر دوڑتی رہتی ہے میں زمین پر۔۔۔اسی کے خال و خد بناتے ہوئے! دستِ حنائی کے لمس۔۔۔! دلفریب لہجے کے سحر میں ڈوبے ہوئے۔۔۔! تلمیحاتِ خمسہ کی ساری روایتیں۔۔۔! غیلان،عِلاف،کندی۔۔۔! فرزند سینا اور فارابی کی آیتیں بھی جانتا ہوں طلوع سحر کا رازی۔۔۔جب اک وعدہ شام ہونے لگتا ہے پھر میں موسم زلیخا کا۔۔۔ اک خوب صورت بہانہ بننے لگتا ہوں سرخ سبز پرندوں کا ورد زباں ہونے لگتا ہوں
جب بھی فسوں ساز شاموں کی بات ہوتی ہے زیتون و صندل۔۔۔! سفید کبوتروں جیسے صحیفے پڑھنے لگتی ہیں شاخوں پر پھول پتے نازل ہونے لگتے ہیں جنوں کی روشنی میں جناب عنترہ اور عبلہ سے بھی ملاقات ہوتی ہے جب طاق لمحے۔۔۔مجھ سے گلے ملتے ہوئے گزرتے ہیں پھر تخلیقات عشق کا سنہری زمانہ بننے لگتا ہوں سرخ سبز پرندوں کا ورد زباں ہونے لگتا ہوں
لسان فسوں جب دشت میں! گلابی صحیفوں سے آیتیں تلاوت کرنے لگتی ہے نشاط تعبیر کی وادیوں میں خوشبو۔۔۔! شاداب جزیرں میں چاندنی رقص کرنے لگتی ہے دل دھڑکنے لگتے ہیں بزرگ جوگیوں سے۔۔۔! چنبیلی کے سائے میں مناظرہ کرنے لگتے ہیں لذت زخم کی تفسیر کرتے ہوئے! جب سیفو،عبلہ اور ماریہ قندیل روشن کرتی ہیں پھر قلندرانہ رقص کرتے ہوئے۔۔۔میں پروانہ بننے لگتا ہوں سوسن و نسترن کی قسم! میں لذت خمار کا تعارف غائبانہ بننے لگتا ہوں سرخ سبز پرندوں کا ورد زباں ہونے لگتا ہوں
Arabian Peninsula was famous for its language expertise and linguistic expressions at the time of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The poets and language experts would spend most of their lives to attain excellence in Arabic language and literature. It was during such time that a man named Muhammad (ﷺ) emerged, whose linguistic expression was remarkable, accurate and amazing. He was also quite familiar with the dialects and accents of every tribe of Arabia. It was the surprising effect of this linguistic excellence that people tagged him with different titles such as Poet, Sorcerer, Kāhin (soothsayer), Majnūn (One possessed by Jinn), and insane man with insane message. Allah Almighty revealed Qur’ānic verses not only to answer such allegations but also entrusted him to present commentary of the Holy Qur’ān to the people who would called him illiterate. This article will try to find out the Qur’ānic commentary on the linguistic expressions of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as a miracle of revelation. The method of research is descriptive analytical and historical. The discussion of verses of Qur’ān and the explanations of the experts of Qur’ān through the comments of orientalists have been included to support the arguments. First Part of the paper discusses status of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as an illiterate man with his remarkable linguistic expressions of Qur’ān due to which he was awarded different titles such as poet, sorcerer and insane. The second part explains the Qur’ānic response to accusations on Prophet (ﷺ) raised by the opponents. In the third part, some intellectual arguments of Qur’ān and opinions of orientalist have been discussed to support the Qur’ānic responses in favor of linguistic expressions of an “Ummi” Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) which is followed by findings and conclusion of the whole discussion.
Fusarium wilt of potato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tuberosi is an important disease that causes losses to potato growers in Pakistan. Limited information is available about the management of this disease. Therefore different control measures were investigated under lab. and green house conditions and then the best treatments were applied collectively in integrated management trial. To fulfill first objective, pathogenicity test was performed to check the virulence of the pathogen on susceptible variety “Desiree”. Isolate Okara-1 (O1) proved to be highly virulent and was used in all management trials. In screening of germplasm,. two varieties and eight lines were used for screening purpose.Cardinal and Karoda showed least mean disease severity index (MDSI) i.e. 22.67 and 16.00 % with the yield reduction of 23.2 and 25.5 % respectively. After varietal screening, chemical management was done by using 5 fungicides namely Topsin-M, Carbendazim, Score, Copper oxychloride and Ridomil under lab and green house conditions.In vitroresults showed that Carbendazim and Topsin-Mcontrolled maximumradial growth of fungus (100 %) as compared to rest of the fungicides. Green house results showed that Carbendazim followed by Topsin-M gave less MDSI (17.67% and19.00 %) as compared to Copper oxychloride (55.00 %). The yield reduction by Carbendazim and Topsin-M was 21.59% and 25.91 % as compared to copper oxychloride i.e. 60.91%. Efficacy of biological control agents Trichoderma hazianum and T. virens were checked under lab. condition. T. virens showed higher percent inhibition as compared to T. harzianum in dual culture assay on PDA. Green house results showed that application of T. virens at the time of sowing, 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) gave less MDSI (30.76 %) as compared to T. xv harzianum (34.14 %) with yield reduction of28.283 % and 32.56 % respectively. Efficacy of Brassica spp.was checked under lab. conditions, the macerated leaves of B. juncea significantly reduced the radial growth of pathogen i.e. 91.75 % as compared to B. napus(85.67 %). The roots of both brassica spp were less effective in controlling the disease. Under green house conditions, B. juncea leaf extracts reduced the MDSI by 42.95 % as compared to B. napus i.e. 45.61 %with no significant results by roots of both spp.As the management of the disease is difficult by single control measure therefore the best treatments from above mentioned experiments were applied together in integrated management trial. The integration of soil treatment with T. virens at the time of sowing, 20 and 40 DAS, green manuring with B. juncea and seed treatment with carbendazim exhibited significant results in reducing Fusariumwilt as compared to single or dual application of these in green house. The results of this study showed importance of integrating selective fungicide, microbial antagonists and biofumigant crop to achieve appropriate management of Fusarium wilt to increase yield of the crop.