Metal Nanowires (MNWs) are promising as a kind of novel conducting materials for next generation of nanodevices for space applications either in form of interconnecting conducting nanowires to integrate nanodevices or for Transparent Electrodes (TEs) for solar cells. In this work, ions irradiation induced damage study of MNWs e.g., (Ag, Cu) at different energies, doses and ions species is presented. After irradiation, samples are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of irradiated samples are then compared with un-irradiated samples. Finally, a database of effects of ions irradiation on MNWs is made. This database will be useful for future design of MNWs based devices to be used under harsh conditions such as upper space. Mechanism of damage creation in MNWs by ions irradiation is explained by collision cascade effect and thermal spike model. Moreover, MeV proton and argon beam irradiation-induced nanowelding technique to fabricate X-, Y-, II- and T-shaped molecular junctions between Ag-NWs is presented. These nanowires are irradiated by 2.5MeV protons at a dose of 5x1015ions/cm2 and 3.5 MeV argons at dose of 5x1016 at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that nano-welding of Ag-NWs is achieved with stable crystal structure. Thereafter, a random two-dimensional large scale network of Ag-NWs is fabricated by 3 MeV proton ion beam irradiation induced welding of Ag-NWs at intersecting positions. Proton ion beam induced network fabrication on large scale is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is observed that at a beam fluence of 1x1015ions/cm2, perfect X-, II-, and V-shape molecular junctions between Ag-NWs are achieved and ultimately lead to an optimum welded network without distorting the morphology of nanowires. Structure of Ag-NWs remains stable under proton ion beam and networks are optically transparent. The results exhibit that the formation of Ag-NWs network proceed through three steps: ion beam induced thermal spikes lead to local heating of Ag-NWs, formation of simple junctions on small scale, and the formation of large scale network. Furthermore, an important consideration for space applications is that the material should be as radiation hard as possible in order for it to reliably operate for extended periods. Therefore, total dose radiation tolerance of Ag-NWs under proton environment is investigated. Ag-NWs are irradiated with 5 MeV proton ions at different doses ranging from 5x1015 to 8x1016 protons/cm2 and their effect on morphology and structure is studied. It is observed that Ag-NWs remain stable under proton beam irradiation at high doses. In addition, “amorphous Ag-NW have been fabricated from crystalline Ag-NWs using 5 MeV helium (He+) ions beam irradiation. At low beam fluence (5x1015 ion/cm2), few defects are created in Ag-NW with increase in density while increasing He+ ions beam. As dose increases, more damage of the crystalline structure of Ag-NWs is observed. Finally at high dose (5x1016 ions/cm2), the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of Ag- NWs is transformed into amorphous structure with similar morphology as un-irradiated Ag-NWs. Phase transformation of crystalline Ag-NWs upon irradiation with 5 MeV He+ ions is observed through high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).” Besides, the effect of g-irradiations on the structural and morphological properties of copper nanowires (Cu-NWs) within the g fluencies varying from 6 to 25 kGy are also studied. At 9 kGy, the Cu-NWs start to join, forming perfect X-, V-, II-, and Y-shaped molecular junctions. Further increasing the g fluence up to 15 kGy cause the Cu-NWs to fuse and form larger diameter NWs. At the highest fluence of 25 kGy, Cu-NWs converted into a continuous Cu thin film. However, x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the structure of the Cu-NWs remains stable even after converting into a thin film. The formation of cuprite (CuO) phases is observed at higher fluencies. The mechanism of forming welded networks of Cu-NWs and Cu thin films is explained via the thermal spike model.
اسلام کے اصول ابدی ہیں اور ہر زمانہ کے لوگوں کے لئے قابل عمل ہیں۔ریاست کے حاکم کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ وہ ان کو ہر صورت میں معاشرے میں نافذ کرے۔ مسلم ممالک میں جمہوری حکومتوں کے قیام کے بعد ہر ریاست میں چند سیاسی پارٹیاں ہوتی ہیں، جو اقتدار کے ایوانوں میں آتی جاتی رہتی ہیں۔ اسلامی ریاست کے حکام بالا کے لیے اور سیاسی پارٹیوں کے لئے یہ لازم کیا جائے کہ ہر آنے والی حکومت اسلامی قوانین کے نفاذ کے تسلسل کو چلائے تاکہ امت مسلمہ حدودوقصاص کے نفاذ کی بر کت سے محروم نہ ہو ، پورا معاشرہ اخلاقی اقدار کے تحفظ کے لیے ہر آن تیار رہے اور مقاصد شریعت کا تحفظ ہوتا رہے۔ پالیسیوں میں تسلسل کی مثال اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان سے دی جا سکتی ہے، جہاں قیام پاکستان سے ضیاء الحق کے دور تک تو اسلامائزیشن پر کام ہوتا رہا ، لیکن اس کے بعد آنے والے سربراہان مملکت نے اسلامی قانون سازی کے حوالے سے مزید کام کرنے کی بجائے ، نئی قانون سازی کے ذریعے ان قوانین پر عمل درآمد ختم کرنے کی کو شش شروع کی ہے ، جس پر امت مسلمہ اور اہل دل پاکستانی سوائے افسوس کے کچھ نہیں کر سکے۔اب اسلامی ممالک کے حکمرانوں کو بین الاقوامی دباؤ سے آزاد ہو کر کا م کرنا چاہیے اور امت کو مزید اسلامائزیشن کی طرف لے جانا چاہیے ۔ ورنہ ذہن میں رکھیں کہ کہ کفر متحد ہو کر ایک ایک اسلامی ملک پر جنگ مسلط کرتا رہے گا۔ عراق، افغانستان ، فلسطین اور اللہ نہ کرے کہ پھر پاکستان کی باری آئے۔
The aim of this research is to thoroughly analyze the part multilingual dailies play in covering women issues in Pakistan. It is rooted from national newspapers, the Daily ‘Dawn’, the Daily ‘Jang’ and the Daily ‘Kawish’ in the year of 2011. The study explores to what extent of the violence against women and education issue of women is dealt by the sampled dailies. The study employed content analysis a quantitative research methodology during 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2011. The contents of the newspaper were measured in column per centimeter of the space of one year. For this research work three major dailies of three different languages, the Daily Dawn, the Daily Jang and the Daily Kawish were selected. In sum up, an elite class newspaper the Daily Dawn has published 562 very little issues of women and used 0.6 percent of the total capacity which is of 4353024 co./cm in the year of 2011. However, the Sindhi language newspaper, the Daily Kawish has used 2430 a little more issue of women and covered 2.3 percent of total capacity of 1678976 col./cm of this daily in 2011. To some extent, the Urdu language newspaper the Daily Jang has reported 1297 more number of women issues and used 1 percent of total capacity of 2423616 col./cm in one year. Hence, the result shows that Pakistani press gives a little bit space to issues of women rights. Although, the Daily Dawn and the Daily Kawish have reported more issues of violence against women but the Daily Jang (an Urdu language newspaper) has covered more education problems of women in its newspaper in the year of 2011.
This thesis is devoted to explore some cosmological implications in gravity and generalizedgravity. Initially, we discuss the cosmological reconstruction of theory (where,and represent the Ricci scalar, scalar invariant and scalar field) corresponding to power law and de Sitter evolution in the framework of FRW universe model. We derive the energy conditions for this modified theory which seem to be more general and can be reduced to some known forms of these conditions in general relativity,andtheories. We also present the general constraints in terms of recent values of snap, jerk, deceleration and Hubble parameters. The energy bounds are analyzed for reconstructed as well as known models in this theory. Finally, the free parameters are analyzed comprehensively. First and second laws of black hole thermodynamics are examined at the apparent horizon of FRW spacetime in gravity. In this modified theory, Friedmann equations are formulated for any spatial curvature. These equations can be presented into the form of first law of thermodynamics for ̂̂ , wherêis an extra entropy term because of the non-equilibrium presentation of the equations and ̂ for the equilibrium presentation. The generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) is expressed in an inclusive form where these results can be represented in GR,andgravities. Finally to check the validity of GSLT, we take some particular models and produce constraints of the parameters. Moreover, we examine static spherically symmetric wormhole solutions in generalizedgravity. To do this, we consider three different kinds of fluids: anisotropic, barotropic and isotropic. We explore differentmodels and inspect the energy conditions for all of those three fluids. It is found that under some models in this theory, it is possible to obtain wormhole solutions without requiring exotic matter. From our results, one can conclude that for all three cases of fluids stable and realistic wormhole solutions can be constructed.Further, we have consideredaction which is non-minimally coupled to the xi scalar field. In this context, we obtain the exact analytical solutions for inflationary era as well as find a graceful exit condition from inflation. We calculate the perturbed parameters, i.e., number of e-folds, slow-roll parameters, scalar and tensor power spectra, corresponding spectral indices and ultimately tensor to scalar ratio. It is showed that the power spectra lead to blue-tilt for this model. The trajectories of the perturbed parameters are plotted to compare the results with recent observations.Finally, we will discuss cosmological models using Bianchi type I for anisotropic fluid intheory of gravity which involves scalar potential. For this purpose, we consider power law assumptions of coupling function and scalar field along with the proportionality condition of expansion and shear scalars. We choose twomodels and obtain exact solutions of field equations in both cases. For these constructed models, the behavior of different physical quantities like EoS parameter, self-interacting potential as well as deceleration and skewness parameters is explored and illustrated graphically for the feasible ranges of free parameters. It is concluded that anisotropic fluid approaches to isotropy in later cosmic times for both models which is compatible with the observational data.