اسلام کے ابتدائی عہد میں فقہی و قانونی سرگرمیوں پر تحقیقی نظر

According to Ibn-e-Taimia and Mujaddad Alf-e-Sani the Samaa’ of Quran is a real beneficial Samaa’ of perfect Muslims, the Samaa’ of poetry comprises of praise of Prophet (SAW), songs of Jihad and Islam are also permissible and admirable in Islam but the Samaa’ of innovators which comprises of opposing Shariah poetry and practicing of music and clapping is totally innovation and sin. It is important to note that unlike Ibn-e-Taimia and Hadrat Mujadad when mark the Samaa’ valid or invalid, by this he means the particular Samaa’ or spiritual songs of Sufis singed and listened with a particular method that melodramatize the people, Ibn-e-Taimia not interested in such type of Samaa’, Hadrat Mujadad also not inclined towards this type of Samaa’ but according to him it is permissible only sometime to remove the spiritual toughness. Both Allama(s) Ibn-e-Taimia and Mujadad Alf-e-Sani believe that during listening Quran or mentioning GOD(ادخ رکز) some intuitive conditions

Use of Locally Available Materials in Teaching Science

The concept of employing the locally available materials in teaching Science is emerging as a popular and worthwhile teaching learning strategy in building the conceptual understanding of students. It has a number of strengths, but the way it helps students construct on their own previous knowledge is valuable, and it also enables them to be the scientists of their own world. The purpose of this research was to see whether the locally available teaching materials or teacher-made materials could be utilized to teach the concepts of acid and base to secondary level students. It was undertaken with two research participants, who are comparatively less experienced, considering interviews, post-lesson conferences, observations and document analysis. Collaborative action research was employed in conducting this research study. All the interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed, and all the data was analyzed and categorized to achieve the themes. It was evident from the study that the research participants found the strategy and approach of locally available teaching materials constructive and interesting for their workplace learning, professional development and teaching learning. They thought that it was a useful micro level curriculum innovation for their professional development, and their simple efforts could make effective use of everyday material in their teaching. They found that collaborative work was central for its successful implementation, and it helped them a lot but costed nothing. The study further reveals that if teachers are facilitated and provided support, the concept of locally available teaching resources in Science, in Pakistani contexts, could be effective and productive. The research study has made some recommendations to include and emphasize the use of locally available materials in both pre-service and in-service training courses. It, further, suggests schools managements to ensure the on-going professional support at school level to novice teachers, so that it can boost their confidence level and working spirit.