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Home > Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Efficient Strains of Rhizobium and Azospirillum from Wheat and Maize under Water Stress

Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Efficient Strains of Rhizobium and Azospirillum from Wheat and Maize under Water Stress

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Ilyas, Noshin

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/387

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726528389

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Water stress is one of the most important environmental constraints that limit survival and productivity of staple crops like wheat and maize particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (Rhizobium and Azospirillum) are beneficial bacteria present in soil and forming associations with roots of plants. Present study was aimed at isolation and biochemical characterization of Rhizobium and Azospirillum strains from roots and rhizospheric soil of wheat and maize (at tillering and anthesis stage) growing under different moisture regimes in the field and under induced water stress in pots. The survival efficiency as measured by log cfu/g, carbon/nitrogen utilization pattern determined by QTS (Quick Test System), random amplification of polymorphic DNA analyses, phytohormone production and 16sRNA sequence analysis were done for isolated strains. The efficiency of isolated strains to promote plant growth and development was tested under induced water stress conditions in reinoculation studies. The survival efficiency of Rhizobium and Azospirillum isolates from plants of irrigated field (Experiment I) and those from well watered pots (Experiment II) was higher as compared to that of Rhizobium and Azospirillum isolates from roots and rhizosphere samples of arid (8 % soil moisture) and semiarid field ( 14 % soil moisture)plants and waters stressed plants( 8 % soil moisture) in pots. There was no significant difference in the survival efficiency between root and rhizospheric soil isolates. The effect of low soil moisture on colony forming unit was more pronounced at anthesis stage of plant growth as compared to tillering stage. The value of cfu/g was higher for isolates from maize as compared to that of wheat. On the basis of carbon/nitrogen utilization patterns the Rhizobium and Azospirillum isolates from wheat and maize field were placed in three different groups depending upon the different moisture regimes from where these strains were isolated. xviThe UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Means) cluster analysis based on Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) tests grouped Rhizobium and Azospirillum isolates in two. The results revealed that QTS test can not solely be implicated to fully characterize microbes and for better understanding of phylogenetic relationship, molecular characterization e.g. RAPD-PCR is preferred. The strains isolated from plants growing at semi arid regions in field and under induced water stressed in pots at tillering stage exhibited close genetic relatedness to the strains isolated from plants growing under irrigated field conditions and well watered conditions in pots respectively. While the strains isolated from field plants growing at semi arid region at anthesis stage were found to bear close genetic relatedness with the strains isolated from plants growing in arid regions in field. Reinoculation experiments with both field and pot isolates revealed that the strains of Rhizobium and Azospirillum isolated from well watered plants grown in field or pot have less effect on plant growth of either chickpea or wheat used as host respectively, whereas Rhizobium and Azospirillum isolated from arid fields and plants growing under water stressed pot conditions performed better exposed to induced water stress. The amount of IAA, GA, ABA and trans zeatin riboside produced in the presence of tryptophan was considerably higher as compared to medium from which tryptophan was omitted. Moisture stress at all levels (14 to 8% soil moisture) decreased the production of IAA, GA and trans zeatin riboside but ABA production was increased. These isolates further showed bacteriocin production. Degree of association of microbes appears to depend on developmental stage and on its root architecture of host plants. Rhizobium and Azospirillum isolated from arid field and induced water stress in pots can be used as inocula to promote growth and yield of plants grown in moisture deficit soil.
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شوقِ دیدارِ یار مت پوچھو

شوقِ دیدارِ یار مت پوچھو
دل ہے کیا بے قرار مت پوچھو

دل، جگر، جان، کچھ بچا ہی نہیں
اس کی نظروں کے وار مت پوچھو

جتنے کورے ہیں عشق دریا میں
کس طرح ہوں گے پار مت پوچھو

اس کی آنکھوں کی سحر کاری کا
قیس! دیوانہ وار مت پوچھو

میرے سینے میں تم دھڑکتے ہو
تجھ سے کتنا ہے پیار مت پوچھو

جسم سونے کا سر بہ سر ہے فضاؔ
کیا ہے روہی کی نار، مت پوچھو

''فتح الرحمٰن فی اثبات مذہب النعمان''کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical study of the

In "Fath-ur-Rehman Fi Ithbāt-e-Madhab al-Naumān", Shaykh Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehalvi collected Ahadith supporting the religion and sect of Imam Abu Hanifa (R.A) and described the differences of the jurists and gave preference to Hanafi School of thought. He has proved through this book that Imam’s sect is in accordance with the Sahih Ahadith and while removing the accusations leveled against Imam Abu Hanifa, he declared that these are the issues on which the contrariness of the hadith was accused but irony of the situation is that Abu Hanifa (R.A) is following the hadith while other jurists explicitly base their intellect and conjecture and the style of the book shows that Abu Hanifa (R.A) is the absolute doer of hadith and Imam Shafi (R.A) uses conjecture and opinion. Moreover, Author speaks on the authenticity of the hadiths which not only support him but also give comfort and consolation to the opposing party. This great book of Hazrat Shaykh Muhaddith (R.A) is unique and unique in its importance, infrequency, style of reasoning, research issues, preference of religion, and hadiths supporting Hazrat Imam Azam Abu Hanifa (R.A) which opens new chapters of coming research. In the said article, an analytical study of his book "Fath-ur-Rehman fi Asbat-e-Madhhab-e-Noman" will be presented which will expose the reality of Imam Abu Hanifa's accusation of being against the hadith and this great effort of Sheikh Abdul Haq will also be brought to light.

Ale Moving Mesh Generation and High Performance Implementation Using Openmp and Mpi Libraries for Fsi and Darcy Flow Problems

A high performance algorithm for the implementation of Arbitrary Lagrangian and Eulerian (ALE) moving mesh scheme for both 2D and 3D Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) problems for the shared and distributed memory systems is discussed in the the- sis. OpenMP library is used to implement parallel programs on shared memory systems whereas message passing interface (MPI) is employed to write parallel programs on dis- tributed memory systems. Moving mesh techniques are the integral part of a wider class of fluid mechanics problems that involve moving and deforming spatial domains, namely, free-surface flows and FSI. The moving mesh technique adopted in this work is based on the notion of nodes relocation, subjected to certain evolution as well as constraint conditions. A conjugate gradient method augmented with a preconditioning is employed for the solution of the resulting system of equations. The proposed algorithm, firstly, re- orders and partitions the mesh using an efficient divide and conquer approach and then parallelizes the ALE moving mesh. Different mesh partitioning algorithms are discussed, which include the octree method, and k-way graph partitioning technique using Parmetis library. Numerical simulations are conducted on AMD Opteron and Intel Xeon processors, and unstructured triangular and tetrahedral meshes are used for the 2D and 3D prob- lems. The better results, in terms of the speedup, are obtained for the shared memory system than the distributed memory system for both the 2D and 3D problems. The quality of meshes is checked by comparing the element Jacobians in the reference and current meshes, and by keeping track of the change in the interior angles in triangles and tetrahedrons. The proposed parallel mesh reordering algorithm using sampling approach for work load re-distribution concluded 51% of average efficiency in term of the speedup for shared memory systems. The overall maximum speedup of 6.37, for the shared mem- ory system, is achieved using eight processing elements (PEs) as compared to 4.11 for the distributed memory system including twelve PEs. As a case study, the thesis also discusses the high performance implementation of a stabilized mixed finite element method for Darcy flow using MPI library. It has a lot of practical applications in the field of petroleum engineering and earth sciences especially, where the flow of fluid is of interest in a permeable porous medium. The maximum speedup of 12.24 is achieved using 28 PEs by incorporating the proposed mesh partition- ing algorithm. Outline Chapter 1 defines and introduces the problem statement and Chapter 2 gives the gen- eral introduction of the thesis. Chapter 3 presents the literature review of ALE moving mesh generation, stabilized mixed finite element methods, k-way graph partitioning algo- rithm and tree based spatial data structures. Chapter 4 mathematically formulates the ALE mesh generation problem and presents the serial algorithm for optimization using the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Chapter 5 presents a mesh reordering algorithm based on quadtree/octree and quick sort techniques. Chapter 6 discusses the parallelization part of mesh reordering algorithm based on a sampling approach and also discusses the experimental results for the shared memory systems. Detailed discussion about the mesh partitioning and experimental results using MPI are given in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 briefly describes the stabilized finite element method for Darcy Flow and dis- cusses the results of 2D problems for a distributed memory system. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Chapter 9 and future work is presented in Chapter 10.