Host-parasitoid interactions in insects offer a great opportunity to identify new genes and molecules responsible for the alteration of the host physiology. To circumvent the host immune response, female of the parasitic wasp injects a blend of secretions containing mainly ovarian proteins, calyx fluid, polydnaviruses and venom in their host insects. Crude venom extract containing a wide range of bioactive proteinaceous compounds inhibits the motility of larval hemocytes and prevents the formation of cell aggregates upon artificial envenomation in vitro. In the present research work, a host parasitoid relationship of ectoparasitic wasp, Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and host insect, greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) was studied for comprehensive analysis of the venom glands Transcriptome of the wasp B. hebetor through different Bioinformatics tools for fishing out immunosuppressive genes which reveals the occurance of a number of novel genes with immune suppressive acitivities in the venom blend of the wasp suggesting their toxic/ insecticidal potential. Out of them, Venom acid phosphatase, Tryptase -2 and CTD nuclear envelope phosphatase were selected for more detailed studies on the basis of high sequence homology/identity. The selected contigs were partial sequences of the immunosuppressive genes and their 5’ ends were isolated by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends repair kit (RACER kit, Invitrogen) and then full-length genes were isolated by III RT module of Gene Racer kit. Isolated genes were cloned in pGEMTeasy vector in DH5-Alpha competent cells. Screening of blue white colonies of E. coli and colony PCR were also performed for the confirmation of inserts along with the plasmid extraction of the desired colony by Plasmid DNA mini prep. Cloned genes were sequenced, analysed and characterized by different bioinformatics tools i.e., Expasy translate tool, Clustal Omega and SignalP etc. Deduced amino acid sequences of immune suppressive genes were multialighned with other parasitoid species in the database which revealed significant homologies with other braconid species. Functional bioassays of the crude venom and recombinant proteins were performed through artificial microinjection techniques in which different concentrations of the crude venom and different combinations of the recombinant proteins were injected into the last instar larvae of the host and mortality data was recorded. The effects of parasitization by the wasp on cellular immune response of the host larvae were also investigated by following an approach of hemocytes count methodology. It may be concluded that B. hebetor venom and its recombinant proteins have significant impact on survival of the host larvae by inducing biochemical and physological alterations in the parasitized host insects. Analysis of the venom glands Transcriptome of the B. hebetor has shown the natural occurance of a number of novel venom genes with potential insecticidal activity involved significantly in the suppression of host immune response in the venom blend of the wasp which may be exploited further for indepth studies through integrated approaches of functional genomics and proteomics for the development of innovative plant protection strategies for sustainable control of diverse range of insect pests of Pyralidae of agriculture crops. Further, this preliminary research work has a significant contribution towards sustainable programmes for food security and food safety by controlling the insects through natural means and reducing the toxic residues of the synthetic chemicals in food chain supply system
اجوکے سمے دیاں دیاں مشہور اصناف سخن وچوں غزل اک اجیہی صنف سخن اے ، جس دے وچ سب توں ود ھ طبع آزمائی ہو رہی اے ۔ایس صنف وچ نویں نویں تجربے ہو رہے نیں تے نویں سرنانویاں نوںایس صنف راہیں بیان کیتا جا رھا اے ۔غزل دا ہر شعر اپنی تھاں اک مکمل اکائی ہو ندا اے ۔۔اوہدے وچ شاعر اپنی فکر تخیل یاں جذبہ مکمل طور تے بیان کریندا اے ۔ایس پاروں کچھ نقاداں نے ایس نوں ’’منتشر الخیال ‘‘صنف آکھیا اے ۔(۱)کیوں جے ایہدے وچ نظم ونگوں خیالا ں دا ربط تے تسلسل نہیں ہو ندا۔ایس دے باوجود غزل دے سارے شعر قافیہ تے ردیف دے داخلی دھاگے نال اک دوجے نال جڑے ہو ندے نیں ۔ڈاکٹر وزیر آغا دا خیال اے :
’’غزل کا ہر شعر ایک ایسا جزو ہے جو غزل کا حصہ ہو نے کے باوجود اس سے جد ا بھی ہے ۔ہر شعر ایک الگ حیثیت کا حامل ہے لیکن اس کے باوجود وصف غزل کے دھاگے سے منسلک بھی ہیں ۔‘‘(۲)
غزل واسطے سرنانویاں دی کوئی پابندی نہیں ہو ندی ۔ایس لئی ایہدے وچ حسن تے عشق ،جوانی تے بڑھاپا ،زمین تے آسمان ،سماج تے معاشرہ ،ریاست تے سیاست ،علم تے فن یعنی ہر قسم دے خیالات وکھو وکھ شعر اں وچ بیان کیتے جا سکدے نیں ۔پر اوہناں ساریا نوں ایک دوجے نال جوڑ کے رکھن لئی اک مخصوص داخلی رنگ،مخصوص جذبے تے احساس دی لوڑ اے ۔انج تد ای ہو سکداے جدوں شاعر حیاتی دے سبھے خارجی منظراں نو ں اپنی ذات تے فکر دا حصہ بنا لوے ۔اوہناں نوں شعراں دے روپ وچ ڈھالدیاں ہویاں اوہ اپنی ذات توں وکھریاں نہ کرے ۔سگوں اپنی ہڈو ورتی بنا کے پیش کرے ۔شاعر غزل...
Allama Badr_ul_Din Al-Aaini was a distinguished Islamic Scholar of 8 A.H. He was at the same time an interpreter, Muhadis, a Jurist, and a Historian. He was recognized to be a great Jurist, a Muhadis and a praise worthy man by his contemporary scholars and Jurists. His contributions towards the Muslim Ummah are very comprehensive and valuable. In the below mentioned Article contains a comprehensive view of Al-Aaini`s name and lineage, birth, his teachers, pupils, his works, contributions and his prominent position among the scholars of his age.
In last few decades, the concept of functions with non-decreasing increments got attention of many mathematicians due to its worth and importance. We would like to establish a connection/relation among functions with non-decreasing increments and arithmetic integral mean, Wright convex functions, convex functions, r?convex functions, Jensen m?convex functions, m?convex functions, m ? r?convex functions, k?monotonic functions, absolutely monotonic functions, completely monotonic functions, Laplace Transform and exponentially convex functions, by using thenite di erence operator as di erent cases ofm h f. We also consider function with nondecreasing increments of third order and get the generalisations of the Levinson''stype inequality and Jensen-Mercer''s-type inequality by using Jensen-Boas inequality. We will deduce some general identities of Popoviciu type for discrete case for sums for function and sequence in two dimension using higher order r divided difference, positivity of these expressions are characterised for higher order r?convex functions. We will also obtain some general identities of Popoviciu type for integral R R P(y; z)f(y; z)dy dz of higher order di erentiable function and positivity of these expressions are characterised for higher order r?convex and completely monotonic functions. We would discuss some applications in terms of generalised Cauchy-type means and exponential convexity as well. We would get the generalisation of discrete identity and inequality ofCeby sev-type and discuss generalisation of integral identities and inequalities ofCeby sev-type and K. Fan-type for higher order r?convex functions with two variables. Further, we will obtain double weighted integrals Montgomery''s identities and using these identities we deduce generalisation of Ostrowski- and Gr uss-type inequalities for double weighted integrals for di erentiable functions of higher order with two variables.