اقتصادی بحران اور ہنگامی صورتحال پر قابو پانے کیلئے سیدنا عمر کے اقدامات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Hazrat Abdul Rehman (may Allah be pleased with him) belonged to Arab tribe of Quraish and was a close relative of Mohammad (peace be upon him). At the time of conquest of Makkah He (may Allah be pleased with him) entered the circle of Islam. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the companions of Muhammad (may Allah be pleased with him) who came to sub-continent specially Balochistan in order to preach for Islam and Jihad during the Khilafat of orthodox caliphs. He (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Balochistan twice for Jihad and conquests first during the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (may Allah be pleased with him) and second time in the early era of Hazrat Muawia (may Allah be pleased with him). He (may Allah be pleased with him) played a vital role in the wars of Balochistan. He (may Allah be pleased with him) established Zehri his abode and capital after conquering Kalat, Khuazdar (Sajistan), Kachi, Gandhava, and Chaghi, and from here he expanded the series of his conquests till Kabul and Qandar. Besides this, he included many areas of sub-continent in the Islamic empire of conquered areas. His (may Allah be pleased with him) life is consists of great chapters of sincerity in deeds. Wisdom and valor, determination fearlessness, strife, hospitality, simplicity and patience. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the great generals of Islam had the honour to have carried the message of Holy faith in every corner of Balochistan in tough and unfavorable conditions and planted the flag of Islam in Balochistan forever.  

Population Dynamics and Reproductive Biology of Barnacles, Megabalanus Tintinnabulum Found on Two Rocky Shores of Karachi, Pakistan

The large sized tropical origin barnacle, Megabalanus tintinnabulum was endemic to West Africa and parts of the Indo-Pacific. The population dynamics and reproductive pattern of the barnacles M. tintinnabulum were studied from January 2012 to December 2013 on two rocky coasts of Karachi, Buleji and Manora bordering the northern Arabian Sea. The object was to get information related to various biological parameters of this species, which is almost negligible in the literature. The barnacles of M. tintinnabulum were identified based on the shell morphology and the identification of this species was further confirmed using the DNA barcoding approach based on the fragment of mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). The von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) and ELEFAN I were utilized to estimate the growth parameters with the aid of FiSAT software. The population structure of M. tintinnabulum consisted of 2-3 cohorts at both sites. The average density of M. tintinnabulum was higher at Buleji (101.9 ± 15.02 individual m-2) than Manora (76.0 ± 8.05 individual m-2). Though the estimated asymptotic length, i.e., rostro-carinal diameter (L∞) equals to 51.98 mm at both sites but the growth coefficient (K) was higher at Manora (0.63 year−1) than Buleji (0.44 year−1). The population of M. tintinnabulum grew at a faster rate at Manora than Buleji thus attaining the rostro-carinal diameter of 31.8 mm in one year at Manora as compared to 23.7 mm at Buelji. Larger sized (>40 mm) barnacles were comparatively higher at Manora (17.2%) than Buleji (14.0%). Longevity was estimated to be 4.3 years at Manora and 6.4 years at Buleji, while natural mortality rate (M) was 0.894 year−1 and 1.131 year−1 at Buleji and Manora, respectively. The variability in the growth rates of M. tintinnabulum at two rocky shores may be attributed to the fact that the density of barnacles is lower and food supply (concentrations of chlorophyll-a) is higher at Manora, thus resulting in a faster growth rates at Manora than Buleji. Reproduction in this species was studied using gonadal histology and brooding capacity. The gonads were absent in M. tintinnabulum smaller than 11 mm, after that size, the testes and ovaries appeared simultaneously in each individual. The minimum size at which M. tintinnabulum had mature testes and ovaries was 18 mm but the minimum size of brooding barnacle was 24 mm. Histologically the ovaries in M. tintinnabulum were categorized into four developmental stages, that is, the immature, growing, mature and spent stages. The testes were categorized into three developmental stages, that is, the immature, growing, mature stages. Though mature gonads (ovaries and testes) were found throughout the year in M. tintinnabulum but the brooding individuals were observed during the winter (November to February) period showing that lower temperatures (20-24º C) are preferred as compared to higher temperatures (29-34º C). The reproductive capacity (number of eggs produced) of M. tintinnabulum was 7,914 ± 303 of eggs per brood. The reproductive capacity showed no significant difference at two sites, but the number of brooders were higher at Manora than Buleji. In the present study concentrations of protein, carbohydrate and lipid were lowest in immature ovaries and highest in mature ovaries of M. tintinnabulum, that is, concentrations of these biochemical constituents increased in the ovaries with the advancement in ovarian maturation stages. The concentrations of total proteins, carbohydrate and lipid in ovaries showed seasonal variations being higher in winter and comparatively lower in summer. Further studies should be conducted to examine the population dynamics and reproductive pattern of M. tintinnabulum in the Asian region including the larval supply and recruitment patterns of this species. Such studies will provide the baseline data for future comparative studies.