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Isolation and Characterization of Novel Indigenous Fungal Strain and Optimization of Cellulase Complex for Hyperactivity

Thesis Info

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Author

Imran, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Gujrat

City

Gujrat

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11476/1/Muhammad%20Imran%20biochemistry%20UOG%20Gujrat%20year%202019.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726531945

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The recent research is highlighted the fungal species screening for cellulase production using agricultural waste materials, rotten fruits and vegetable. The purpose of this study was to investigate hyper-production of cellulase complex from screened indigenous local strain of Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2, extracted from rotten tomato. Congo red test and zone of clearance method were used to confirm the cellulase complex production from this novel isolate of Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2. Three Aspergillus species and all Trichoderma species revealed cellulase production. Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2 revealed maximum beta-glucosidase production (78±0.4 µg/mL/min) as compared to exoglucanase and endoglucanase and selected for further study.Corn stover revealed maximum cellulase activity (81±1.5 µg/mL/min) after screening six substrates. Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2 is a filamentous fungal strain and its cellulase activity was measured on carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose powder, and filter paper used as substrates with Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The optimum temperature, pH and incubation time were analyzed to be 40 ºC, 4.8, 96 hours with cellulase activity of 86.4±2.1 µg/mL/min produced from Aspergillus tubingensis-IMMIS2. Crude cellulase revealed maximum activity (112 µg/mL/min) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using 40mm mesh size substrate, 8g substrate, 80% moisture, 5mL inoculum, 0.5g urea, 0.1g KCl, 0.1g CaCl2 and 0.06g MgSO4 using Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2. Optimization of cellulase production through RSM revealed that most of the organic and inorganic parameter had significant impact on cellulase production using Aspergillus tubingensis IMMIS2. Cellulase revealed maximum activity (116 µg/mL/min) with Taguchi method using 80mm mesh size substrate, 5g substrate, 50% moisture, 3mL inoculum, 0.1g urea, 0.2g KCl, 0.3g CaCl2 and 0.01g MgSO4 using Aspergillus tubingensis-IMMIS2.Optimization of cellulase production showed that some parameters had non-significant impact on cellulase yield. Ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis used for partial purification of cellulase and quantity was confirmed by Biuret method. The purification factor increased from 2.12 to 5.14 with ammonium sulfate dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. Characterization of cellulase revealed that maximum activity (130.5±0.43 µg/mL/min & 133.5±0.35 µg/mL/min) was achieved at pH 4.5 and temperature 40ᵒ C, respectively. The SDS PAGE results confirmed that molecular weight of cellulase was 76 kDa. Immobilization technique was applied to enhance the stability and catalytic activity of cellulase. The immobilized and free cellulase characterization proved to enhance the thermo-stability to 82 % at 75 °C as compared to free cellulase enzyme after 26 h of incubation. Immobilization through xerogel matrix and calcium alginate incredibly increased the catalytic activity of cellulase than that of free enzyme. Cellulase activity was decreased after the 20th day of incubation of the both immobilized surfaces (calcium alginate & xerogel). Maximum cellulase activity was achieved at pH 4.5 (174 ± 0.3 µg/mL/min) and temperature 45 °C (179 ± 0.4 µg/mL/min) for xerogel matrix. Xerogel immobilization method revealed the lowest Km value as compared to free and calcium alginate immobilization. Calcium alginate and xerogel matrix immobilization increased tolerance capacity of cellulase to 75−82 % against activating agents / inhibitors like Mg+2, EDTA, SDS and Hg+. Xerogel and calcium alginate immobilization revealed good fruit scarification and hence immobilization method could be a good candidate for food industry. Cellulases are employed in food, textile, biofuel, feed and dairy industries in Pakistan.
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فیض کی نظم ’’ہم دیکھیں گے‘‘ کا تنقیدی جائزہ

موضوع 6:فیض احمد فیض کی نظم " ہم دیکھیں گے " کا تنقیدی جا ئزہ
ہم دیکھیں گے لازم ہے کہ ہم بھی دیکھیں گے
وہ دن کہ جس کا وعدہ ہے جو لوحِ ازل میں لکھا ہے
جب ظلم و ستم کے کوہ گراں روئی کی طرح اڑ جائیں گے
ہم محکوموں کے پاؤں تلے یہ دھرتی دھڑدھڑدھڑکے گی
اور اہلِ حکم کے سر اوپر جب بجلی کڑ کڑ کڑکے گی
جب ارضِ خدا کے کعبے سے سب بت اٹھوائے جائیں گے
ہم اہلِ صفا، مردودِ حر مسند پہ بٹھائے جائیں گے
سب تاج اچھالے جائیں گے سب تخت گرائے جائیں گے
بس نام رہے گا اللہ کا جو غائب بھی ہے حاضر بھی
جو منظر بھی ہے ناظر بھی اٹھے گا انا الحق کا نعرہ
جو میں بھی ہوں اور تم بھی ہو اور راج کرے گی خلقِ خدا
جو میں بھی ہوں اور تم بھی ہو
تنقیدی جائزہ
نظم کے عنوان کا پس منظر
"ہم دیکھیں گے" فیض احمد فیض کی ایک انتہائی مشہور و مقبول نظم ہے جس کا اصل عنوان "ویبقیٰ وجہ ربک" تھا۔ فیض کی یہ اکیس سطری نظم ان کے ساتویں شعری مجموعہ "میرے دل میرے مسافر" میں شامل ہے۔ فیض نے اس نظم کو پاکستانی آمر جنرل ضیاء الحق کے عہد حکومت کے استبداد کے خلاف احتجاجاً لکھا تھا لیکن جب مشہور مغنیہ اقبال بانو نے 13 فروری 1986ء کو الحمرا آرٹس کونسل کے ایک اجلاس میں سیاہ لباس پہن کر اسے پڑھا تو یہ نظم احتجاج و انقلاب کا استعارہ بن گئی اور ترقی پسندوں اور بائیں بازوکے افراد کی زبانوں پر مزاحمتی گیت کی شکل میں جاری ہو گئی۔اقبال بانو نے اس نظم کو ایسے وقت میں گایا تھا جب فیض کی شاعری پر پابندی عائد تھی اور سامعین میں اس قدر جوش امڈ آیا تھا کہ...

تعلیل احادیث صحیحین: امام ابو حاتم وأبو زرعہ كی آراء كا تنقیدی جائزہ

It is unique and high distinction of the Muslim Ummah that they have saved the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). There have been high profile scholars who had dedicated their lives for the investigation of veracity and authenticity of Ḥadīths. They have been sifting the narrators of Ḥadīths through the myriad of resources to endorse or reject the authenticity of Ḥadīths. Amongst these eminent scholars, Imām Abū Ḥātim and Imām Abū Zur'ah, who made great contribution in the field of Elal Ḥadīth. Both criticized Aḥādīth some of which are quoted in Sahih Imām Bukhārī and Sahih Imām Muslim. Both books have always been taken as an authentic source for the veracity of Aḥādīth. However, they have pointed out a few such aspects which are vital for keeping the veracity and authenticity of Aḥādīth. This article is an attempt to study those Aḥādīth as quoted in the two above mentioned books and were criticized by Imām Abū Ḥātim and Abū Zur’ah in their book Elal Ḥadīths, by comprising with sayings of the concerned scholars. The most accurate aspect has been elaborated.

Parallel and Perpendicular Propagating Modes and Instabilities in Degenerate and Non-Degenerate Plasmas

In this thesis we focused on the linear analysis of waves and instabilities propagating along and across the ambient magnetic field in the degenerate and non- degenerate plasmas. In the first part of thesis employing Vlasov-Maxwell set of equations; we have investigated the O-mode and whistler mode instability in a degenerate anisotropic magneto plasma environment and compared the results to those reported for classical plasmas. We propose the excitation of a new banded type of instability for the O-mode case, which grows at some particular values of temperature anisotropy and external magnetic field. For the case of whistler wave, we observe instability saturation mechanism similar to the case of classical plasmas. The existence of both O-mode and whistler mode instability has been observed only for some specific range of unstable wave numbers. The possible excitation of such instabilities in solid state plasma has been discussed, particularly for semiconductor and semimetal plasmas. In the second part general dispersion relation for the right hand circularly polarized waves has been derived using non-relativistic spin quantum kinetic theory. Employing the derived dispersion relation, temporal and spatial damping of the right hand circularly polarized waves is studied for both the degenerate and non-degenerate plasma regimes for two different frequency domains: (i) ??||??>>(??+????),(??+??????) and (ii) ??||??≪(??+????),(??+??????). Comparison of the cold and hot plasma regimes shows that the right hand circularly polarized wave with spin-effects exists for larger k-values as compared to the spinless case, before it damps completely. It is also found that the spin-effects can significantly influence the phase and group velocities of the whistler waves in both the degenerate and non-degenerate regimes. The results obtained are also analyzed graphically for some laboratory parameters to demonstrate the physical significance of the present work. In third part the dispersion relations for the weakly magnetized perpendicular propagating modes (O-mode, X-mode, and upper hybrid mode) based on the ultra-relativistic Fermi-Dirac distribution function with chemical potential are derived using the Vlasov–Maxwell model. The results are presented in terms of Polylog functions without making any approximation. It is found that as the ratio ????⁄ is increased, the cutoff points shift downward. A comparison is also performed with the previously derived results for ultra-relativistic Maxwellian distribution. The forth part contains the discussion on the whistler instability in non-degenerate semi-relativistic bi- Maxwellian plasma. The dispersion relations are analyzed analytically along with the graphical representation and the estimates of the growth rate and instability threshold condition are also presented in the limiting cases i.e.ξ±=(??±????)/ ???||???≪1 (resonant case) and ξ± >>1 (non-resonant case). Further for field free case i.e., B0=0, the growth rates for Weibel instability in a semi-relativistic bi-Maxwellian plasma a represented for both the limiting cases.