Organophosphate pesticides are of common interest due to increased envionmenal contamination. Such agents cause several undesired and un-solved problems in non-target species. The enzyme organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) producing bacterial strain Brevibacillus parabrevis SR2729 (B. parabrevis SR2729) was isolated from soil contaminated with chlorpyrifos. Brevibacillus parabrevis SR2729 was subjected to strain improvement by physical and chemical mutagenesis; where two strains B. parabrevis SR2729-A and B. parabrevis SR2729-B were selected after classical screening through Triton-x-100 and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. The mutant derived strains Brevibacillus parabrevis SR2729-A and Brevibacillus parabrevis SR2729-B showed 229 and 240 % greater OPH production as compared to parental strain. The optimum levels of six variables (pH, temperature, incubation time, carbon source, nitrogen source and pesticide concentration) were obtained after statistical analysis by RSM. After process optimization, the activities of OPH from B. parabrevis SR2729-A and B. parabrevis SR2729-B were 195 and 178 % greater than OPH from parental strain B. parabrevis SR2729. The specific activity for purified enzyme was observed to be 935, 1521 1911 U mg-1 from parental and mutant derived strains B. parabrevis SR2729-A and B. parabrevis SR2729-B, respectively. After kinetic and thermodynamic analysis, the enzyme from mutant derived strains was observed to be more suitable for utilizing chlorpyrifos as substrate, with higher thermostability as compared to the enzyme from parental strain. The molecular weight of OPH enzymes from parental and mutant derived strains were 37 kDa. In soil, the OPH from mutant derived strains B. parabrevis SR2729-A and B. parabrevis SR2729-B showed 206 and 208 % greater degradation of chlorpyrifos as compared to parental strain. The enzyme from mutant derived strains B. parabrevis SR2729-A and B. parabrevis SR2729-B degraded 28 and 65 % greater insecticide in water compared to enzyme from parental strain. In conclusion, the strain improvement by physical and chemical mutagenesis resulted in the selection of potential mutant derived strains which were more significant agents for the degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil and water samples.
بیماری سے مقابلہ انسان جب بیماری کا مقابلہ کرنے کے لیے تیار ہو جا تا ہے تو بیماری کی شدت میں کمی شروع ہوجاتی ہے۔ بیماری کے حملوں میں وقفہ بڑھتا جاتا ہے اور ایک ایسا وقت آتا ہے کہ بیماری ختم ہو جاتی ہے۔ انسان کی قوت ارادی اس کو صحت مند بنانے میں کلیدی کردار ادا کرتی ہے۔ اگر وہ بیماری کے خوف کو اپنے اوپر مسلط کر لیتا ہے اور بزعم خودموت کوقر یب تصور کرتا ہے تو اس طرح بیماری میں کمی آنے کی بجائے اس کی شدت میں اضافہ ہو جاتا ہے، اس لیے بیماری کے دوران قوت ارادی کو مضبوط رکھنے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ وہ مرد نہیں جو ڈر جائے حالات کے خونی منظر سے اس دور میں جینا لازم ہے جس دور میں جینا مشکل ہو بیماری کے خاتمے اور بچاؤ کے لیے عوام اور ریاست کا کردار انتہائی اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔ ظلماتِ امراض کو صحت و تندرستی کے اجالے میں بدلنے کے لیے دونوں کا چولی دامن کا ساتھ ہے۔ ماحول کوآلودگی سے بچانا، معیاری ادویات کی فراہمی، ملاوٹ سے پاک اشیاء کی مارکیٹ میں موجودگی کا انتظام کرنا، ہسپتالوں میں ہمہ قسم سہولیات کی فراہمی، اخبارات کے ذریعے، ٹیلی ویژن اور ریڈیو کے ذریعے شعوری آگاہی، تعلیمی نصاب میں بیماریوں سے محفوظ رکھنے کے لیے مضامین کا اندراج، زرعی پیداوار کے لئے خالص سپرے اور معیاری کھاد کی فراہمی کو یقینی بنانا، ان ہمہ قسم آسائشوں کی فراہمی اگر ریاست اور حکومت وقت کی ذمہ داری ہے تو عوام النّاس کے لیے بھی یہ لازم ہے کہ وہ دستِ تعاون دراز رکھیں۔ انہی اسلوب پرعمل پیرا ہو کر ہی بیماریوں سے چھٹکارا حاصل کیا جاسکتا ہے اور اس میں فرد، معاشرہ، قوم اور ملک کی صحت ہے۔
Iqbāl is known as a revolutionary poet, and Islamic intellectual, a religious reformer, pioneer of Islamic awareness and a great leader of the Muslims of the sub-continent. He was introduced to the Arab world during the early part of 20th century and became popular after the translations of his work into Arabic. Scholars, thinkers, writers, and politicians of Arabia were very much influenced by his literary works. A number of books were written on him. Other scholars and Muslim thinkers study his works with keen interest even in the modern times. Iqbāl was paid rich tributes by Arab writers and thinkers for his unique wealth of literary works. In this article we present the views of Arabian writers about his literary status.
Salinity is one of the major soil problems that limits the crop growth and productivity to great extent. Increased amount of soluble salts cause osmotic stress and excessive sodium (Na+) leads to sodicity that deteriorate the soil structure and cause toxicity to plants. Potassium (K+) is an important macronutrient essential for enzyme activation, osmoregulation and charge balance in the plant cell. Higher concentration of Na+ in nutrient medium decreases K+ uptake and increases Na+ uptake by plants. Therefore under sodic or saline-sodic conditions K+/Na+ ratio in plant tissue is decreased affecting enzyme activities, photosynthesis, protein synthesis and other metabolic activities. Elevated K-fertilization under Na+ stress may improve the K+/Na+ ratio in plant tissue improving plant metabolism under saline-sodic condition. Na+-K+ interaction in saline-sodic soils was studied in light and heavy textured soils. Different levels of Na+ stress was applied to developed higher SAR of the soil using NaCl. Na+-K+ dynamics was compared with naturally salt affected soils at elevated K-fertilization. Effect of elevated K-fertilization on wheat crop growth, distribution of Na+ and K+ in different parts of the plants, subcellular Na+-K+ homeostasis of wheat under Na+ stress and proteome stability was determined in soil and hydroponic studies. Plant growth, physiological and chemical attributes, yield was significantly reduced under salt stress while application of elevated potassium fertilization improved growth and yield parameters. Application of elevated K fertilization mitigate osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress under saline condition improving subcellular K+/Na+ ratio. Elevated potassium fertilization improved proteome stability under salt stress decreasing the change in number of proteins changed by salt stress. This study suggest that K application could enhance wheat growth and yield by mitigating the deleterious effects of salt stress to a certain level at specific condition.