Lactobacilli (n=84) were isolated from the droppings, ileum and caecum of back-yard poultry birds on De Man Rogosa and Sharpe medium. Lactobacilli isolates were screened and selected on the basis of their antimicrobial activity (6.33±0.57-20.33±1.15 mm) against Salmonella Enteritidis by well diffusion assay. In vitro characterization it was revealed that IKP23, IKP 111 and IKP 333 had pH tolerance, survival and growth in bile salts, no acquired antibiotic resistance, good auto-aggregation and co-aggregation capacity. Therefore, these three isolates were selected as potential probiotics. IKP23, IKP 111 and IKP 333 were identified as L. fermentum, L. fermentum and L. salivarius, respectively on the basis of homology of their 16S rRNA sequences. Selected isolates (IKP23, IKP 111 and IKP 333) were evaluated in vivo.For in vivo characterization, Day old broiler chicks (n=150) were randomly divided ten different groups. Group one was negative control group. Group 2 was positive control which received only the challenge bacteria (Salmonella Enteritidis) ATCC 13076 at day 07. Groups (3, 4, 5) received probiotics at day 01 to 35 and challenge bacteria at day 07 in preventive model (PM). Groups (6, 7, 8) started receiving probiotic at day 07 to day 35 and challenge bacteria at day 07 in treatment model (TM). Group 09 started receiving commercial probiotic Protexin (1g/liter) at day 01 to 35 and challenge bacteria at day 07. Group 10 started receiving antibiotic at day 01 to 05 and challenge bacteria at day 07. Birds were challenged with a single dose of ~106 CFU of Salmonella Enteritidis by oral gavage, while probiotics were administered with ~108CFU/ml daily. Weight of birds was recorded on weakly basis. Enumeration of microbes (lactobacilli, total coliforms and Salmonella) and antibodies against NDV and AIV H9 was done at different days. D-xylose absorption capacity and gut morphometric parameters (villus height, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio) were studied at day 35. Results revealed that Salmonella count (log10 CFU) was significantly increased (P˂ 0.05) in positive control group (4.88±0.29) as compared negative control (3.66±0.23). Salmonella counts were significantly lower in groups administered with IKP 23, IKP 111 and IKP 333 before Salmonella challenge (2.92±0.04, 3.05±0.10, 2.99±0.25) or after Salmonella challenge (3.37±0.12, 3.49±0.50, 3.55±0.45, respectively ) as compared to positive control group (4.88±0.29).Weight of broiler at day 35 was significantly higher (P˂ 0.05) in groups administrated with IKP 23, IKP 111 and IKP 333 prior to Salmonella challenge (1640±48.1, 1608±59.7 and 1590±49.0 gm respectively) and post Salmonella challenge (1569±45.1, 1515±47.8, and 1530±51.7 gm respectively) as compared to negative control (1466±49.6 gm), positive control group (1320±44.8 gm). Immunomodulatry effects of probiotics were higher in preventive model as compared to treatment model. Broilers administered with IKP23, IKP111 and IKP333 significantly improved villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio as compared to positive control. D-xylose absorption was also enhanced in groups administered with probiotics. It is concluded that IKP23, IKP111 and IKP333 may have probiotic potential for poultry and these strains may prevent or competitively exclude Salmonella from poultry gut. These strains may provide additional benefit of better weight gain, improvement in gut morphometric parameters and absorption capacity in broiler challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis which insinuate for their possible role in efficient broiler production.
آہ ڈاکٹر فریدی جس حادثہ کا دھڑکا عرصہ سے لگا ہوا تھا وہ بالآخر پیش آکر رہا اور جس کے ہاتھوں سے اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ہزاروں مایوس مریضوں کو شفا بخشی تھی۔ اس نے بھی گزشتہ ۱۹؍ مئی کو جان جاں آفریں کے سپرد کردی، مرحوم فریدی کے کن کن اوصاف کو یاد کیا جائے۔ اے تو مجموعۂ خوبی بچہ نامت خوانم وہ ایک حاذق طبیب، بے غرض مخلص اور جری لیڈر اور سراپا انسانیت اور شرافت تھے، قومی و ملی مفاد کے مقابلہ میں کسی طاقت کو خاطر میں نہ لاتے تھے، اس کے لئے آخر وقت تک حکومت سے جنگ کرتے رہے، اور اپنی دولت، صحت اور زندگی کسی چیز کی بھی پروا نہ کی اور ایک بہادر سپاہی کی طرح اس راہ میں جان تک دے دی، انھوں نے قوم و ملت کے لئے جو قربانیاں کیں اس دور کے مسلمانوں میں مشکل سے اس کی مثال مل سکتی ہے، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ انھوں نے مسلمانوں سے خوف و ہراس اور احساس کمتری دور کرکے ان میں جرات و ہمت پیدا کی، ان کا دامن فرقہ پروری سے بالکل پاک تھا، انھوں نے اقلیتوں اور پسماندہ طبقوں کے مفاد کے لئے مختلف سیکولر پارٹیوں سے مل کر اس کا عملی نمونہ پیش کیا، اگرچہ وہ مسلم مجلس کے بانی اور اس کے صدر تھے، لیکن کانگریسیوں سے بھی ان کے تعلقات تھے، اور وہ بھی ان کی عزت کرتے تھے، ان کی موت پر مختلف طبقوں کے اکابر اور جن کو ان کی سیاست سے اختلاف تھا، انھوں نے بھی جو تاثرات ظاہر کئے ہیں وہ ان کی مقبولیت کے شاہد ہیں۔ اس دور میں وہ تنہا شخص تھے، جس نے سیاست سے کسی قسم کا ذاتی فائدہ نہیں اٹھایا بلکہ اپنا کھویا، اگر وہ چاہتے تو حکومت...
Man is curious. Today he is stepping forward to explore the world and space, but still he is trying to know the answer to the question that how he was made? Qur’an the last holy book of Allah, which provides complete guidance in every walk of life, can give better answer to this question. Besides this many theories were presented by the scientists called evolution theories. One of these theories is “Theory of natural selection” presented by Charles Darwin in 1859 A.D. This theory got a lot of reputation. Qur’anic teachings say that the first human being Hazrat Adam (علیہ السلام) was created by Allah as a complete Man. But this theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce (means there was no Adam on earth as the Father of humanity, which is contrary to Islam). Darwin theory, a non-Islamic theory about the creation of humanity has a great impact over the various thinkers of subcontinent. This research article attempts to answer the questions that what are the Qur’anic teachings about the creation of humanity on earth? And what are the different evolution theories and their effects on the various thinkers of subcontinent?
In this thesis ―Purification, Characterization and Binding of Metals to Zinc Alpha 2-Glycoprotein (ZAG) by Employing Various Techniques‖ the development of several techniques were carried out to analyze the interaction of biologically important metals of Irving William Series. The expression and purification of the ZAG protein was also optimized for the preparation of samples. The folding to the native conformation was also carried out. That ZAG protein is present in almost all fluids of the body. Since the discovery of ZAG, several studies have been carried out. The importance of ZAG as an important biochemical agent is known long before. The growing number of literature since today demonstrates that it’s an important biomarker for the cancer cachexia, prostate cancer, lipid mobilizing agent and obesity suppressor. The crystal structure of ZAG reveals that the fold and distribution of domains are similar to the Major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) molecules. This class is known for their immune regulation and thus ZAG is believed as a central player in the immune system and cellular signaling. There is no clear evidence of ZAG participation in the cancerous conditions but over expression is dealt as a biomarker. The study shows that the ZAG interacts with several ligands. There interaction with metals is known for boosting the bioactivity of ZAG. Although, it’s believed long ago that the ZAG is an important protein that participate in several biochemical processes and little is known to understand the ligands bound conformations of ZAG with their targets like peptides and metals. In this current project, we were focused to get the good expression and purification procedure for the preparation of ZAG. The unnative aggregated fold of ZAG from the inclusion bodies was transformed into the native fold using refolding and dialysis method optimization. The introduction of histidine tag to the C-terminal and their successful removal by the Carboxypeptidase Y enzyme was also carried out. The results of the cleavage of histidine tag were evaluated with gel electrophoresis, Mass Spectrometry and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. The confirmation of native fold and bioactivity was also confirmed from DAUDA binding affinity using fluorescence emission. The formation of metal complex of Irving William Series with ZAG and their respective complexation analysis was also studies using MALDI-TOF MS and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. xiii It was found that the ZAG has multiple binding sites that interact with metals even in the presence of DAUDA. The X-ray tube analysis using FPXRF shows that Fe (III) and Co (II) has similar concentration of atoms bound to ZAG molecules.