Microbial based insecticides have great potential for management of various agricultural insect pests. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of indigenous nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) for the management of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) on cotton. A field survey was conducted for collection of NPV infected larvae of S. litura with specific symptoms of polyhedrosis and soil samples were collected to observe the presence of NPV in the soil from four districts Faisalabad, Multan, Vehari and Bahawalpur. From 80 soil samples six samples were positive to S. litura NPV as those soil samples showed infection in S. litura larvae when mixed with artificial diet. Out of 38 collected NPV infected isolates (larvae) the best isolate (VHR4) showed maximum mortality in S. litura larvae in two screening experiments. The selected isolate was given the name V-SpltNPV and was multiplied for further experimentation. The V-SpltNPV identified by Giemsa stain under an inverted microscope. Concentrations of V-SpltNPV were prepared by dilution with distilled water and counted by hemocytometer under an inverted microscope. Efficacy of native isolate V-SpltNPV was compared with Indian commercial viral biopesticide SomstarTM- SL against 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae of S. litura in laboratory. The cotton plant population were maintained in green house and used in bioassay studies. Cotton leaf discs were contaminated with various concentrations (1×108, 1×107, 1×106, 1×105 and 1×104 OBs/ml) of V-SpltNPV and SomstarTM- SL and offered to S. litura larvae. At highest concentration (1×108 OBs/ml) V-SpltNPV caused 88.08% mean mortality while SomstarTM- SL caused 61.12% of 2nd instar larvae of S. litura. LC50 and LC90 values of tested concentrations were increased with increase in larval age. The 2nd instar larvae were most susceptible than 3rd and 4th instar against all tested concentrations. In greenhouse experiment, the larval mortality was reduced to 52.63% and 37.89% for local isolate V-SpltNPV and SomstarTM- SL at highest concentration (1×108 OBs/ml) respectively on potted cotton plants. Similarly, the combination of viral formulations with spinosad showed higher mortality of S. litura larvae than alone application of tested concentrations. A combined application of spinosad with V-SpltNPV (1×108 OBs/ml) caused 100% mean mortality while combination of spinosad with SomstarTM- SL (1×108 OBs/ml) caused 78.94% mean mortality of 2nd instar larvae. All combinations used in experiment showed additive interaction. The heat stress reduced more than 50% efficacy of NPV isolates. Increase in heat stress decreased the activity of viruses in terms of larval mortality. However, combined application of V-SpltNPV with spinosad (after heat stress at 45°C) showed 75.87 % mean mortality of 2nd instar larvae of S. litura. Conclusively, local isolate V-SpltNPV proved best for the management of S. litura population alone and in combination with spinosad even after heat stress. The V-SpltNPV can be used in integrated manner with other integrated pest management tactics to significantly reduce the use the toxic chemical pesticides
زندہ رکھی ہے ترے پیار کی خوشبو ایسے اپنے شعروں میں دیے تیرے حوالے میں نے کیوں نہ ہر لفظ پہ آنکھوں سے یہ ٹپکیں آنسو جس قدر درد ملے شعر میں ڈھالے میں نے
ز اپنی ذات کے اندر آ!
خواب نگر سے باہر آ! شیش محل میں کس نے کہا
ہاتھ میں لے کر پتھر آ! دیکھ کے صحرا نے یہ کہا
آنکھ میں بھر کے ساگر آ! تجھ سے مسخر دل نہ ہو گا
لاکھ تو بن کے سکندر آ! ہنس کے کہا درویش نے یہ غم کی آگ میں جل کر آ! ز یوں تو کہنے کو فقط صبح کا تارا ڈوبا ہاں، مگر رات کے راہی کا سہارا ڈوبا جس کی باتوں سے سدا پیار کی کرنیں پھوٹیں اُس کی آنکھوں میں مری سوچ کا دھارا ڈوبا میری قسمت بھی ہے روٹھی مرے ساجن کی طرح میں جو منجدھار سے نکلا تو کنارا ڈوبا آج پھر سُرخ گھٹائوں کی ہے آمد آمد آج پھر ۱ور کوئی درد کا مارا ڈوبا کیسا کہرام مچا ہے لبِ دریا یونسؔ ایسا لگتا ہے کوئی جان سے پیارا ڈوبا ز مل کر جو چلا جاتا
کیا اس میں ترا جاتا معیار سے اپنے تو
کیوں کر ہے گرا جاتا منزل نہ بھلے ملتی
رستہ تو دیا جاتا ہوتی ہے وہاں غیبت میں کیسے بھلا جاتا ز اب خونِ جگر دے کے یہ پالا نہیں جاتا آ جا کہ ترا درد، سنبھالا نہیں جاتا ہم جس کے سبب نقل مکانی پہ تلے ہیں کیوں شخص وہ بستی سے نکالا نہیں جاتا روتے ہو یہ بتلائو کہ تم ہجر میں کس کے بے وجہ تو آنکھوں کا اُجالا نہیں جاتا
Definition of justice and its scope is something about what legal and political philosophers could never reach a unified position throughout a history. In these days, many in the West are trying to present Islam and its law and justice as something utterly uncivilized, unjust, cruel, and outdated and of no use in modern world. Positivist's concept of justice that prevails in the world today, mostly based on temporary secular-materialistic values, is in most of the cases opposed to the eternal principles and rules laid down by God Almighty. Justice according to the early proponents of Natural law, if not based on the universal values in itself is not justice, and as such is doomed to failure. Today we are witnessing the kind of global justice that threatens even to destroy humanity. The present article is an effort to find out the most suitable definition of justice according to the Islamic law, and present the concept of universality and scope of justice in Islam in a way to show the absolute God's principles and values are unchangeable and everlasting, and only rightful solution to be followed today.
Students have individual learning styles which cannot be catered to unless teachers also adapt different strategies to impart knowledge. To this end, delivery and assessment methods, which should be based on technology, are envisaged to be more effective. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of e-learning environment on the students? performance in the course of Computer Science applied at secondary level schools of Pakistan. The proposed study is conducted in local private school of Lahore. For this purpose, significant topics in the computer science course of 10th class are converted to an electronic format. This study is a quantitative study that applies Quasi Experiment, which has two groups (Control group and Treatment group), Pre-test and Post-test design model of testing.The cross-sectional time-horizon is most suitable for this study due to time constraint factor. Important results of this study are that students in e-learning group are considerably better in problem solving area and gained better practical knowledge of computer science as well. This study shows that e-learning has bright prospects in Pakistan. It can help the multifarious issues of secondary level education in Pakistan if it is applied in an appropriate manner.