مولانا ضیاء الدین احمد بدایونی
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ جولائی میں ایک ممتاز علمی شخصیت مولانا ضیاء احمد بدایونی سابق صدر شعبہ فارسی مسلم یونیورسٹی نے وفات پائی ، مرحوم فارسی زبان کے فاضل اور مسلم الثبوت استاد تھے، انہوں نے فارسی کی درسیات پرانے طرز پر پڑھی تھیں اور عربی سے بھی واقف تھے، اس لیے فارسی زبان و ادب پر ان کی نظر ماہرانہ تھی، ان کا ذوق بڑا متنوع تھا، مذہبیات اور تاریخ اسلام سے بھی ان کو دلچسپی تھی، اور ان سب پر ان کے مضامین اور تصانیف موجود ہیں، ان میں سب سے اہم دیوان مومن کی شرح اور اس کا فاضلانہ مقدمہ ہے اور یہ کہنا صحیح ہوگا کہ جس طرح سب سے پہلے ڈاکٹر عبدالرحمن بجنوری نے کلامِ غالب کی اہمیت نمایاں کی تھی، اسی طرح مولانا ضیاء احمد نے مومنؔ کے کلام کی اہمیت واضح کی، وہ عملاًنہ صرف دیندار بلکہ خوش عقیدہ مسلمان تھے، جس کا اثر ان کی تمام مذہبی تحریروں میں ہے، اس زمانہ میں جب کہ فارسی کا ذوق گھٹتا جا رہا ہے مرحوم کی جگہ مشکل سے پُر ہوسکے گی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۷۳ء)
Islamic history reveals that Muslim rulers had taken keen interest to establish educational institutions during their rule. To keep going on this legacy of the Muslim rulers, various governments in Pakistan, since its creation, has announced a number of educational policies. Besides suggestions for Islamic education, a concept of Model Madaris at federal level was introduced for the first time during Musharraf’s regime [1999-2008]. Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA) was made responsible to develop the curriculum for these Madaris from middle to master levels; however, as per constitution the Education Act 1976, it is the responsibility of Curriculum Wing, Ministry of Education to develop the curriculum up to higher secondary level with pre-framed objectives. While at graduate and post graduate level, it is the responsibility of the universities to develop curriculum through their statutory bodies i.e. Board of Studies, Board of Faculty and Academic Council as per guide lines set by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. This study is an effort to explore the main objectives of Model Madaris curriculum. Moreover, it will be cross checked with course contents from middle to bachelor levels and policy suggestions will be directed that how these objectives and course contents can be amalgamated in one line.
Communication system has a key position in smart grid (SG). Smooth operation among different functional blocks of smart grid, i.e. generation, transmission, distribution, utility, and consumers require reliable and efficient exchange of information. Hybrid architecture in smart grid, in the form of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) consists of gateways/access points and smart meters. AMI network facilitates consumers to take benefits of real-time pricing, demand side management, load scheduling and upgrading the software updates through access points to multiple smart meters without visiting every place. Information sharing can take place in the shape of readings from meters to AMI, from meters to utility and from AMI to utility. This information exchange is either scheduled, on-demand or in the form of mass transfer. Information exchange in the form of time of use (TOU) and real-time pricing also occurs from utility to meters. Broadcasting is one possible solution in these scenarios for information exchange. Data broadcasting in AMI networks can be achieved using many wired and wireless communication technologies including Zigbee, Wireless LAN, Powerline Communication (PLC), WiMAX 802.16, Cellular, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). But these technologies either have limited range or can be used for licensed users only. For these reasons, Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are one possible solution that provides large data transmission utilizing available spectrum resources from licensed and unlicensed bands. Broadcasting is challenging in CRNs due to Licensed/Primary User (PU) activity, availability of multiple channels, and channel diversity. Therefore, PU protection must be provided at all cost and data transmission should be quick and reliable for a smooth operation. In this thesis, two novel reliable schemes are proposed, i.e., PRobability-based Broadcasting scheme for CR-based Smart Grid (PRB-CRSG) and Area-based Broadcasting scheme for CR-based Smart Grid (ARB-CRSG) specifically designed for AMI networks. These schemes provide reliable data to smart meters with sufficient PU protection. Both these schemes have been compared with two flooding techniques, i.e., "Key Policy Attribute Based Encryption" (KP-ABE) and "Key Management Scheme" (KMS). Simulation in NS-2 validates these schemes as a viable solution in cognitive radio-based smart grid systems.