شیخ بشارت علی فارانی
شیخ بشارت علی فارانیؔ(۱۹۱۱ئ۔۱۹۸۰ئ) کا اصل نام بشارت علی اور فارانیؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ فارانیؔ ظفر وال پیدا ہوئے ۔ تقسیم ہند کے بعد آپ نے سیالکوٹ میں مستقل رہائش اختیار کی۔ (۵۶۲) آپ کا کلام روزنامہ ’’نظام‘‘ ،کراچی،ہفت روزہ،’’چاند‘‘ ،جموں اور ’’پریم‘‘ لاہور میں چھپتا رہا۔ آپ نے سیالکوٹ سے ایک ادبی رسالہ ماہنامہ ’’فردوس‘‘ بھی جاری کیا۔
فارانیؔ کی شاعری میں کوئی جدت نہیں۔ ان کی شاعری میں روایتی موضوعات کی جھلک دیکھی جا سکتی ہے۔ نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
ہاتھ میں جب تک تیرا ہاتھ
دن ہی دن ہے کیسی رات
ہو جائے گی بات پرائی
لب پر آئی دل کی بات
عشق کے بندے سیدھے سادھے
یہ کیا جانیں پانچ اور سات
ایک نظر کی بات ہے ساری
عشق نہ پوچھے ذات اور پات
چھائے ہیں فرقت کے بادل
پھیکی پھیکی ہے برسات
(۵۶۳)
The aim of this research is to analyze the key issues concerning the mobility of women domestic workers working in Lahore, Pakistan, through a qualitative feminist approach. For data collection, the walking interview method, which entailed walking alongside the participants and asking them questions regarding the study questions. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyze the interviews with ten participants. The findings reveal that the key deterrent limiting women’s mobility includes the extremely patriarchal socio-cultural norms that surround women’s lives. Two broad themes were found including: (i) Purdah as an Extension of One’s Agency; and (ii) Personal Safety, Cost, and Overcrowded Public Transport. This paper changes the societal implications of purdah while also shifting the narrative that surrounds it through the way women participants use purdah to extend their very limited agency. The study also helps to shed light on Pakistan’s public transit system through the eyes of women domestic workers who view it as a deeply unsafe and uncomfortable mode of traveling within the city.
The present study on the morphology of human olfactory mucosa was carried out with emphasis on its regional distribution, and changes related with age and gender. Eighty tissue samples (forty for either sex) were collected from cadavers ranging from 30 to 82 years of age, available in the mortuary of King Edward Medical College, Lahore. Individual age groups of males and females included 10 specimens from each sex. The histological study of the mucosa included morphology, regional distribution, quantitative analysis of all four major types of epithelial cells, height of epithelium and thickness of lamina propria in the roof, medial and lateral walls of both nasal cavities. A detailed study of the epithelium revealed the presence of classically known three cells: olfactory cells, sustentacular cells and basal cells and a fourth type, microvillar cells. In the age group 30-39 years (male and female) the mucosa was seen in the roof lying next to cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and extending on both sides of the nasal septum and on the lateral walls of both nasal cavities. At places the respiratory epithelium was seen in the area of the olfactory epithelium which was much thicker. In the age group of 40-49 years, early age related changes were observed in the shape of occasional short epithelial invaginations, and disturbance of the zonal distribution of olfactory and supporting cells. In the age group 50-59 years, major morphological changes were observed like substantial reduction in the number of nuclei resulting in decreased height of the epithelium, disturbance of zonal distribution and presence of epithelial invaginations. The age group of 60 years onwards showed gradual thinning of the epithelium, epithelial invaginations, and in few cases atrophied olfactory epithelium devoid of olfactory cells. ANOVA showed significant age related decrease in the number of olfactory and sustentacular cells and in the height of the olfactory epithelium among the male and female groups. There was no significant age related decrease in the number of basal cells and thickness of the lamina propria. The number of microvillar cells was markedly less when compared to other cells of the epithelium. These results suggest that loss of olfactory and sustentacular cells becomes pronounced in individuals of both sexes of 50+ years of age. The results of the present study suggest that the reduction in the number of olfactory receptors and in the height of neuroepithelium with advancing age is associated iiwith impairment of olfactory sensibility. There was no evidence of significant sex related differences in the olfactory mucosa. These results are in the accordance with the previous observations in humans and other mammals showing a decline in the olfactory capacity with aging, mostly attributable to a decline in the number of olfactory cells. Contrary to earlier observations, the present study did not reveal any conclusive evidence that females had an increased sense of smell based on histological observations alone.