In many physical situations where a laser or electron beam passes through dense plasma, hot low-density electron populations can be generated, resulting in a particle distribution function consisting of a dense cold population and a small hot population. Presence of such low-density electron distributions can alter the wave damping rate. Kinetic model is employed to study the Landau damping of Langmuir waves when a small hot electron population is present in the dense cold electron population with non-Maxwellian distribution functions. Departure of plasma from Maxwellian distributions significantly alters the damping rates as compared to the Maxwellian plasma. Strong damping is found for highly non-Maxwellian distributions as well as plasmas with higher dense and hot electron population. Existence of weak damping is also established when the distribution contains broadened flat tops at the low energies or tends to be Maxwellian. These results may be applied in both experimental and space physics regimes. Using non-Maxwellian generalized (??, ??) distribution function electron acoustic instability has been investigated in magnetized and unmagnetized four component plasma. We analyzed electron velocity distribution function using Cluster data when Cluster was traversing from the dayside mid-latitude cusp to plasma sheet boundary region in the southern hemisphere. Observed distribution is fitted with the generalized (??, ??) distribution, and the values of spectral indices for cold, hot and beam electron components obtained from fitting are used in the numerical results. We then investigated the effects of beam density, beam temperature, beam velocity and propagation angle on the real frequency and growth rate of the EAW for both magnetized and unmagnetized cases. These results are compared with Maxwellian results and found that using observed distribution and plasma parameters, real frequency and growth rate remain higher than the Maxwellian or kappa values exhibit significantly different behavior from the ideal conditions. Nonlinear Landau damping of Langmuir waves in two electron component plasma is studied. The numerical results show a significant difference between the Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian instantaneous damping rates when generalized (??, ??) distribution function is used. Normalized amplitude of the nonlinear damping rate for the generalized (??, ??) distribution function and also for Maxwellian distribution remain high when the distribution contains two electron populations as compared to one electron population. It is found that maximum instantaneous amplitude for generalized (??, ??) distribution function is higher than the Maxwellian instantaneous amplitude.
آہ! جناب چودہری سبط محمد نقوی ۱۸؍ فروری ۲۰۰۵ء کو جناب چودہری سبط محمد نقوی بھی داغ مفارقت دے گئے، وہ ۷۹ برس کے تھے، انتقال سے چند ہفتے پہلے سڑک کے ایک حادثے میں شدید زخمی ہوگئے تھے، علاج کے لیے لکھنو میڈیکل کالج میں داخل ہوئے اور کسی قدر شفایاب ہوئے تو لکھنو میں اپنی رہایش گاہ پر آگئے، ایام عزا شروع ہونے سے پہلے عشرہ مجالس میں شرکت کے لیے اپنے آبائی وطن اکبر پور چلے آئے، ایک رات اچانک طبیعت زیادہ خراب ہوگئی اور دسویں محرم آنے سے پہلے ہی انتقال فرماگئے۔ مرحوم کی تعلیم و تربیت لکھنو میں فرقہ امامیہ کی درس گاہوں میں ہوئی تھی، وہ اس فرقہ کے اکثر معروف و ممتاز خاندانوں سے بہ خوبی واقف تھے، اکثر عماید و مشاہیر علما کے صحبت یافتہ تھے، لکھنو اور اودھ کے اکثر علمی، تعلیمی، دینی، ادبی اور سیاسی حلقوں میں وہ مقبول و متعارف تھے، اہل تسنن سے بھی ان کے تعلقات تھے اور ان کے اصحاب علم کے قدر شناس تھے، مرحوم کی نماز جنازہ دونوں فرقوں کے اماموں نے پڑھائی، مولانا شبلیؒ کے بڑے مداح اور عظمت شناس تھے، مولانا نے موازنہ انیس و دبیر لکھا تو شیعوں اور سنیوں کا بھی ایک طبقہ ان سے بہت برہم ہوا لیکن مرحوم سبط محمد صاحب مولانا کے ہم نوا تھے جس کا برملا اظہار اپنی تحریروں اور ملاقاتوں میں کرتے تھے، دارالمصنفین سے بھی والہانہ تعلق رکھتے تھے اور اس کے معتدل روش کو بہت پسند کرتے تھے، جناب سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن مرحوم، مولوی حافظ عمیر الصدیق اور راقم سے بہت مخلصانہ تعلق رکھتے تھے، اپنے علمی و تحقیقی کاموں کے سلسلے میں یہاں تشریف بھی لاتے تھے، ۱۹۷۰ء کی دہائی میں غالباً پہلی بار یہاں تشریف لائے تو قریباً ایک ماہ قیام کیا اور جانے کے بعد...
Background of the Study: To compare patellar taping and mobilization plus conventional therapy for reducing knee pain in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).
Methodology: Controlled trial with 50 participants divided into two groups who received different treatments for 6 weeks: Group A had patellar taping and iliotibial band stretching, while Group B had patellar mobilization and quadriceps strengthening. Participants received three treatment sessions weekly for six weeks. The VAS was used to conduct pre and post-test pain evaluations for groups A and B.
Results: Knee pain decreased in PFPS patients receiving patellar taping (Group A) or mobilization (Group B) using VAS (p<0.05). All treatments are effective for PFPS. The VAS scores after 6 weeks of post A and post B treatments assessed. After 6 weeks of taping, mean = 0.76±0.83. After 6 weeks, mean and SD = 1.20±1.12 from patellar mobilization. No significant difference between means (p = 0.12, α ≤ 0.05). Insignificance.
Conclusion: The result of the study indicated that after 6 weeks of treatment for both patellar taping and patellar mobilization were effective in decreasing pain in PFPS.
The collapse of Muslim rule in the Subcontinent of India during the nineteenth century generated a new role for the ‗ulama‘. The study traces how the ‗ulama‘ profited from the decline in the central authority, to the extent that they emerged from a position of relative obscurity to the de facto leaders of a vanquished nation. They mobilized on the basis of the "Wali Allah" tradition and pursued two options. The political option was oriented towards the re- establishment of Muslim rule through jihad. The intellectual option was directed at the masses in an attempt to revive their religious consciousness and create a greater awareness for the Shariah. After the Mutiny of 1857 a group of ‗ulama‘ in Deoband, in pursuit of the second option, launched an Islamic seminary named, Dar al-ulum which gainedrapidacceptancethroughouttheNorthernProvincesof India.The Deobandi ‗ulama‘ emerged as a very powerful religious force within the Subcontinent of India. How did they exert their power, authority and influence over the general masses? The Dar al-Ulum Deoband and its particular school of thought as well as the movement associated with it i.e. ―Deoband movement‖ is mainly interpreted from two perspectives. The first perspective portrays it as a movement striving to establish an Islamic state governed by the Shariah. The second interpretation views it as a religious reform movement mostly concerned with the perfection of faith of ordinary Muslims. The contribution made by the alumni of this great institution to the cause of the political freedom of the subcontinent undoubtedly constitutes a golden chapter in the history of India. It was the great founders of the Dar al-Ulum who first raised the flag of Indian independence; they sought to unite the people of the land, irrespective of creed and community under this flag, and then they themselves came forward to make personal sacrifices in that great cause. The basic thesis of this study is to trace the political struggle and authority of the Deobandi ulama and their political influence over the masses in the sub-continent in general and in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular.