Fusarium wilt is the most destructive disease of chilli pepper in all chilli growing areas of the world. Soil and environmental factors play a crucial role in the development of disease. Knowledge of soil and environmental factors and identification of resistant sources within available germplasm against Fusarium wilt disease is very necessary. Thirty-three varieties/ advanced lines were collected and were evaluated in sick field for two years (2012-13 & 2013-14) under RCBD. Two advanced lines (10553 & 10549) expressed resistant and some advance lines/varieties (1777, 4828, 10559, 1776, Maxi and Desi) exhibited susceptible to highly susceptibility response towards Fusarium wilt of chilli pepper during both years. Maximum soil and air temperature, minimum soil and air temperature, wind speed and soil moisture expressed positive whereas relative humidity negative and rainfall exhibited non-significant correlation with disease development on all varieties of chilli pepper during two years. Maximum disease was recoded at maximum soil (30- 35oC) and air temperature (25-30 oC). Disease predictive model based upon two years soil and environmental data was developed which explained 82.7 % variability in disease development. Regression models on five varieties/ advanced line (Desi, Skyline, Sanam, Maxi and10553 were developed, which were in close conformity with observed values of disease incidence during two years models. Two sources of OM (cow and poultry manure) at four levels were evaluated against Fusarium wilt. Both expressed significant results but the soil in which cow manure was used (as source of OM) expressed minimum disease incidence at all levels. Similarly among three types of soil (sandy soil, clay soil and sandy loam soil), sandy loam soil expressed minimum disease incidence. For management of Fusarium wilt of pepper six chemicals (Carbendazim, Benomyl, Topsim-M, Difenconazole, Nativo and Alliete), three antagonistic organisms (Trichoderma viride, T. koingii and T. harzianum) and five plant extracts (Moringa oleifera, Brassica compastris, Azadirachta indica, Zingiber officinales and Trachyspermum ammi) were evaluated under lab. conditions. Among chemicals (Carbendazim), plant extracts (M. oleifera), antagonistic organisms (T. viride) expressed significant results under lab. and greenhouse conditions. Mixture of nutrients NPK (Compound) and B, Zn, Fe (Nutritop) and four growth regulators ( Salicylic acid, K2HPO4, KH2PO4 and citric acid) were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Among nutrient mixture, Compound and growth regulators, salicylic acid expressed minimum disease incidence. Carbendazim, M. oleifera, T. viride, salicylic acid and Compound were also evaluated under field conditions against Fusarium wilt of chilli pepper and Carbendazim exhibited minimum disease incidence.
ڈاکٹر نکلسن گزشتہ اگست میں مشہور انگریز مستشرق ڈاکٹر نکلسن نے ۷۷ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، وہ عربی و فارسی زبان کے فاضل اور لندن اور کیمبرج یونیورسٹی میں ان دونوں زبانوں کے استاد رہے تھے، ان کا موضوع اسلامی تصوف تھا، اس کے وہ یورپ میں امام مانے جاتے تھے، انہوں نے اسلامیات اور تصوف پر کئی کتابیں لکھیں، اس کی بعض قدیم اور اہم کتابوں کو ایڈٹ کیا، اور انگریزی میں ان کے ترجمے کئے، شیخ ابونصر سراج کی کتاب اللمع اور مثنوی مولانا روم کی بڑی محنت سے تصحیح کی، یہ دونوں کتابیں گب میموریل سیریز کی جانب سے شائع ہوگئی ہیں، کشف المحجوب، مثنوی مولانا روم اور انتخاب دیوان شمس تبریز کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ کیا، اسلامی تصوف اور صوفیائے اسلام پر مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، عربوں کی علمی و ادبی تاریخ پر ایک مسبوط کتاب لٹریری ہسٹری آف دی عربس تالیف کی ہندوستان میں ان کا نام زیادہ سراقبال مرحوم کی مثنوی اسرار خودی کے مترجم کی حیثیت سے مشہور ہے، لیکن اسلامیات سے اس دلچسپی کے باوجود ان کا دامن تعصب و تنگ نظری سے پاک نہ تھا، جس کا اثر لٹریری ہسٹری آف دی عربس میں زیادہ نمایاں ہے، اور یہ کتاب علمی و مذہبی دونوں حیثیتوں سے اعتبار کے لائق نہیں ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۴۵ء)
Islam has given lot of contemplation for economy and society in which the notion of concurrent cooperation is on top of the list and its basis are brotherliness, compassion and peace. As compared to this, the concept of modern world is mutual cooperation and the practical implementation of it. In the form of mutual cooperation bank, mutual cooperation state and insurance are there in front of us. Although these institutions took their first step and would assist mutual cooperation but with the passage of time this concept got too evanesced. Islamic elements for example usury, gambling and treachery got mixed in the roots of these institutions. Islam dissuades these elements strictly because these elements become the causes for the deterioration of people’s economy and society. On the contrary, Islam wants to establish those institutions which are based on practical mutual cooperation and which are beneficial for both man and society.
The availability of competent leaders for the sustainability of school improvement requires the development of potential leaders for the senior leadership positions. Mostly professional development of leaders is focused in the research studies (Turner, 2007) but the process of progression to senior leadership and factors affecting that process remain unpacked and unobserved, which create uncertainty and confusion for the potential leaders about their standing position in the process of progression. The purpose of this study was to explore the process of progression to senior leadership in a community based school in Karachi and to highlight the perception of teachers about the existing process of progression. Two phase sequential mixed method study was conducted to present a holistic picture of progression towards senior leadership. In the first phase through, interviews of a senior leader, the head of section and a class teacher; observations and document analysis, emerging themes about existing process were highlighted. A linear process of progression was identified within supporting and hindering factors' In the second phase, a five point rating scale survey questionnaire based on the emerging themes from phase one and research literature was used to gather teachers' perceptions about the existing process of progression, supporting factors, hindering factors and the teachers' satisfaction with the process. Survey findings were helpful to understand the teachers' perceptions about the process' A general agreement was observed among the teachers about the process of progression to leadership in the school. Their perceptions were similar to the leadership perceptions regarding process of progression and affecting factors. The dissertation also presents implications and recommendations for the future research in the area of leadership development' This study is helpful to potential leaders including teachers to plan their progression' It is also useful for the school leadership to enhance enabling factors and control the hindering factors involved in the process of progression.