Five experiments were conducted consecutively for two years (2006 and 2007) for management of cotton insect pests through eco-friendly measures. In experiment-1, cotton agro-ecosystem analysis was carried out mainly based on measurement of the basic components i.e. recording the pest population, damage and natural enemies interactions with pest populations. In experiment-2, eight cotton varieties (CIM-499, TH-57/76, FH-901, CIM-473, CRIS-134, Chandi, Shahbaz and NIAB-78) were screened and monitored for their resistance against sucking insect complexes and bollworms. In experiment-3, sunflower, maize, okra and Sorghum were used as trap crops (sown in cotton) and sucking complex on cotton was compared; the effect of natural enemies on the insect pest population was examined. The population monitoring of spotted bollworm through pheromone traps was carriedout.Similarly, in experiment-4, biopesticiedes (Neem extract, Neem oil, Asafoetida (Hing) and Tobacco) were evaluated against sucking complex, with the compoent-5, model of eco-friendly measures package and IPM techniques was suggested. The results of experiment-1; showed that thrips population appeared on cotton at the age of 24-31 days after planting (DAP) and continued up to harvest. Its peak activity period varied from 1st week of June to last week of July during two years of the study period. This showed that after reaching the age of about two months the cotton crop observed maximum mean thrips population (8.71) per leaf during June-July. The whitefly attackedits vegetative growth at the age of 20-24 (DAP). The peak activity of the pest was recorded from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of July. Maximum peak population (3.20) per leaf was recorded during 2nd week of July. The jassid appeared at the age of 24-31 (DAP) in third week of May and continued upto crop harvest. Maximum activity on cotton remained during June and July with maximum mean of (2.13) per leaf during 2nd week of July. Similarly, the spotted bollworm species appeared on cotton in 3rd week of June on fruiting bodies and continued up to crop harvest. Its peak activity (0.93-2.60) per plant was recorded from 2nd week of August to 3rd week of September and decreased upto crop harvet. The larvae 265 collected from cotton were kept under labartory conditions in which 224 of Earias vitella and 41 of E.insulana emerged. The study confirmed that E. vitella existed in large nembers than E. insulana at the ratio of 57.33: 7.33. The findings of experiment-2; revealed that none of the variety was found immune to the attack of insect pests CIM-499 variety of cotton received the lowest mean whitefly population (0.51), jassid (0.61) and thrips (3.10) per leaf. Whereas, the overall lowest mean population of spotted bollworms (1.41) per plant was recorded in Shahbaz. The findings of experiment-3, indicated that cotton plant alone suffered maximum attack of pests in comparison to cotton planted with different trap crops.Theoverall maximum mean population of thrips was recorded in cotton alone (3.11)followed by (2.99), (2.93), (2.41) and(0.89) per leaf in cotton with Sorghum, cotton with sunflower, cotton with okra and cotton with maize.Similarly, the maximum jassids number (2.61) per leaf was obseved in cotton alone followed by (1.25), (1.24), (1.14) and (0.87) per leaf in cotton with sunflower, cotton with Sorghum, cotton with maize and cotton with okra.The maximum number of whitefly (1.54) per leaf was recorded in cotton alone followed by (1.07) (1.04), (0.89) and (0.82) per leaf in cotton with Sorghum, cotton with maize, cotton with sunflower and cotton with okra. Comparatively higher mean number of spotted bollworms (1.72) per plant was observed in cotton alone followed by (0.79), (0.64), (0.55) and (0.50) in cotton with maize, cotton with sunflower, cotton with Sorghum and cotton with okra, respectively. This showed that the trap crops contributed in pest reductions on cotton crops by attracting the pests as well as natural enemies which ultimatly reduced pest pressure on cotton (main crop). The okra and sunflower attracted sucking pests.The use of sex pheromone traps is advised for supressing of spotted bollworm in cotton. Two species of spiny bollworms were attracted to the sex pheromones traps. Average number of E. vitella (7.22-9.01) was attracted whereas, E. insulana ranged between (1.08-1.33) under field condition. The experiment regarding evaluation botanical pesticides showed that among all pesticides reduction of thrip (67.65%) was recorded in neem extract followed by Neem oil (60.00%), Tobacco (63.59%) and Hing (Asafoetida) (52.68%) after 96 h. of application of pesticides. Overall maximum mean reduction (64.69%) was recorded in neem extract followed by neem oil (57.74%), tobacco (52.91%) and Asafoetida (46.52%).The heighest reduction of jassid (71.97%) was recorded followed by neem oil (70.06%), Hing (Asafoetida) (68.15%) and tobacco (23.56%) after 96 h., of application of pesticides. With regards to reduction percent of whitefly revealed that maximum reduction (60.18%) was recorded in Hing (Asafoetida) followed by neem oil (59.78%), neem extract (59.38%) and tobacco (40.61%) after 96 h., of spray application. The botanical pesticides started reducing their toxicity after 96 h. However, the effective reduction of pests was recorded up to one week. Therefore, the bio-pesticides reduced their effectiveness. Development model of IPM package control measures recommendation were based on two year study on different IPM techniques for benefit of farming community through seminars, trainings and pamphlates. Using the safe botanical pesticides remained effective against sucking pests and is recommended against cotton pests, which showed less effective to natural enemies and environment friendly
مولانا سعید انصاری افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینے ہمارے قدیم اور سابق رفیق مولانا سعید انصاری نے لاہور میں انتقال کیا، وہ دارالمصنفین کے دور اول کے رفقاء میں تھے، ان میں تالیف و تصنیف کا بہت اچھا سلیقہ تھا، اور وہ اردو زبان و ادب کا بڑا ستھرا مذاق رکھتے تھے، لیکن مزاج میں استقلال اور اعتدال و توازن نہ تھا، اس لئے کسی ایک مقام پر جم کر نہ رہ سکے، پہلی مرتبہ دارالمصنفین میں ان کا قیام سات آٹھ سال تک رہا، اس مدت میں انھوں نے سیر انصار اور سیر الصحابیات لکھی، اور امام ابو مسلم اصفہانی معتزلی کی تفسیر ’’جامع التاویل لمحکم التنزیل‘‘ جو اب دنیا سے ناپید ہوچکی ہے، اس کے اقتباسات امام رازی کی تفسیر کبیر سے جمع کرکے اس کو کتابی شکل میں مرتب کیا، جو اسی زمانہ میں دارالمصنفین سے شائع ہو گئی تھی، پھر دارالمصنفین چھوڑ کر صوفی پنڈی بہاء الدین کے یہاں چلے گئے اور اس کے لئے سیر الصحابہ کے نام سے شیخینؓ کے حالات ایک جلد میں لکھے، اس کے بعد مختلف اسکولوں میں ٹیچر رہے، مگر ان میں مستقل قیام نہ رہ سکا اس لئے حضرت سید صاحبؒ نے ان کو پھر دارالمصنفین بلالیا، اس مرتبہ ان کا قیام تین چار سال رہا، مگر متفرق مضامین کے علاوہ اس دور کی اور کوئی یادگار نہیں ہے، یہاں سے دوبارہ الگ ہونے کے بعد مختلف رسالوں کے اڈیٹر رہے، پھر سید صاحب نے ان کو ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الہ آباد کے سہ ماہی اردو رسالہ کا اڈیٹر مقرر کروایا، چند برسوں کے بعد اس سے بھی الگ ہوگئے، اور پاکستان قائم ہونے کے بعد لاہور چلے گئے، حضرت سید صاحبؒ نے ان کو لاہور یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ اردو انسائیکلوپیڈیا میں رکھا دیا، اسی خدمت پرتھے کہ دفعتہ ان کے انتقال کی خبر ملی، شاعر...
The noble life Of Rasulullah (ﷺ) provides the best after course and framework for the individual and collective life of Muslims which can lead Muslims to prosper in each part of life. Out of different problems of the Muslim Ummah in the current circumstances is the absence of political insight and exemplary leadership which is one of the most important problems and due to which Muslims are victim of decline on international basis. The political and national problems of Muslims include the absence of exemplary leadership, Muslim Ummah getting victim of mutual differences, deprivation of the majority of Muslim rulers of bravery and boldness, shortage of the wellbeing of the public, excess of corruption and fraud, absence of self-accountability in the public and rulers, not complying with the rules of justice, shortage of qualified and experienced individuals in different departments and institutions along with some other similar problems. Without getting them solved, the dreams of prosperity and success of Muslim Ummah cannot be fulfilled. We can find the solution of all of these problems in the teachings of Rasulullah (S.A.W) and in his noble life. Hence it is very important to prepare a framework in the light of Seerah and adopt it accordingly in this very important part of life. In the article under reference, Muslims Political deterioration in the modern era and a review of its remedy is to be presented in the light of Seerah.
Lead based ceramics have different problems for device processing and human health. That is why; these are not considered as suitable materials to be used for various technological applications. Human health has serious threat against toxicity of lead and if inhale, it replaces the calcium bonding sites within the human body that disturbs the nerves pulse transmission, heart activity and blood clotting, which needs calcium as a necessary element. Furthermore, once absorbed, it is very difficult to remove it from human organisms. Such severe issue compelled material scientist to develop human friendly lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with emerging properties. Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics [(Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.90Zr0.10)O3-xBiErO3 (BCTZ-xBE)] doped with a new doping material BiErO3 (BE) has been synthesized successfully via solid state reaction technique, and their structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties have been investigated. A high dielectric constant with very low dielectric loss and high remnant polarization followed by a low coercive field has been obtained with the addition of x = 0.5 BE. Bulk ferroelectric hysteresis loops were obtained with a maximum polarization P max = 26.7 μC/cm2 and a saturation polarization Ps = 16.65 μC/cm2 along with a coercive field of E c ≈ 2.45 kV/cm. Results demonstrate an induced-strain increasing from ~ 0.11 to ~ 0.24 for x = 0.5, excellent piezoelectricity with d33 = 560 pC/N, kp = 56%, Qm = 196, εm =11200, and tanδ = 0.01. The Effect of BiErO3 (BE) as a doping material on the structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (KNa)NbO3 (KNN) ceramics was explored in this research. Coexistence of two phase regions was confirmed through Le-Bail and Rietveld refinement in the composition range at x = 0.5% and x = 1.0%. The addition of BE content led to a decrease of the grain size and the ceramics became denser. Bulk P-E hysteresis loops were obtained with a maximum polarization of Pmax = 30.56 μC/cm2 and a remnant polarization of Pr = 25.10 μC/cm2, along with a coercive field of Ec ~ 11.26 kV/cm. The results revealed that a field strain value of ~ 0.26 for x = 0.5% of BE substitution was attained. This presents outstanding piezoelectric and dielectric properties. The lead-free piezoelectric, Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, was synthesized with varying amounts of Manganese (Mn) doping (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) on the B-site to replace Ti4+ cations. Herein, the doping limit of Mn is explored along with its effects on the structure and properties of these materials. The temperature-dependent dielectric properties of the materials with a higher manganese doping level have also been comprehensively investigated in the temperature range of 10–700 K. All samples show a high dielectric permittivity, εr ~ 4979–3626 at Tm ~ 550–600 K, along with a low dielectric loss. The site occupation and valence fluctuation of Mn2+/3+/4+ and Ti3+/4+ were characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) for the BNTM-10 ceramics. The magnetic study shows that doping with Mn leads to a complex magnetic state, where there is possible clustering of Mn ions, with inter- or intra-cluster interactions becoming dominant at approximately 50 K. The results revealed a paramagnetic behaviour for the Mn-doped BNT at higher doping levels. This paramagnetism can be ascribed to the exchange of the coupling interaction between Mn3+/2+ ions and Ti4+ vacancy. These samples may be considered as alternative to lead-free materials with magneto-electric coupling.