Red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important insect pest which attacks date palm trees after removal of suckers on soft open parts. It reduces date production upto 10 tons per hectare and causes mortality of date palm trees upto (18-25%). Present study was carried out to quantify different aspects of RPW attack and its management on date palm trees at district Khairpur. Studies on place of infestation of RPW revealed that this insect pest preferably attacked the base of date palm trees at 0-50 cm height. Dates intercropped with sugarcane and banana had higher RPW infestation than those intercropped with cotton and wheat crops. Higher dose of chemical fertilizers (1100 gms N, 460 gms P2O5 and 290 gms K2O/tree) kept date palm trees healthy and had comparatively lower infestation of RPW than other lower fertilizer doses. Moreover, weaker trees had higher infestation as compared to vigorous trees which suggests those weaker trees are prone to RPW attackes. Comparatively lower attack of RPW was observed with lower dose of farm yard manure (20kg/tree) on date trees. The study effect of removal of suckers on infestation of RPW showed that removal of suckers had higher effect on infestation of RPW when higher number of suckers were removed the higher infestation of RPW was recorded. The attack of RPW was significantly higher during the months of June, July and August, when maximum suckers were removed in these months. The studies on the effect of age of tree on infestation of RPW revealed that it had most significantly attacked on 6-15 years old date trees in which generally removal of suckers take place in this age. Studies on effect of soil texture on RPW infestation revealed that sandy soils provided favourable conditions to RPW to hibernate and ultimately resulted significantly higher infestation of RPW on the date trees grown on this type of soils. The studies further showed that higher infestation of RPW was observed where higher number of flood irrigations were applied and significantly lower infestation was recorded where 2-4 flood irrigations were applied. Studies of varietal resistance against RPW showed that Muzawati variety was found the most tolerant against RPW attack and had significantly lower infestation ~8% as compared to Karbalain ~25%, Dhedhi ~21%, Fasli ~19%, Aseel ~19%, Eidan Shan ~18%, Khar ~16% and Shakri ~16%, Thothar ~15% and Pathri ~12%, which were found significantly less tolerant to RPW. The biology of pest under laboratory revealed that egg incubation, larval, pupal, adult longevity of male and female was 4.00+0.52, 48.09+4.41, 26.0+3.12, 78.0+8.12 and 114.0+7.10. Total lifecycle was 118.1+10.12 days. Chemical studies indicated that Spirotetramat insecticide was found significantly effective to control RPW infestation as compared to other insecticides which had protected 43% of infested date trees. Similarly pheromone trapping system was found most effective way to control RPW infestation; this system had reduced ~75% infestation of RPW due to high capture rate of RPW adults. Prophylactic treatments of date trees with bitter cucumber fruit paste was the most effective in reducing RPW infestation followed by use garlic paste or used mobile oil. However, use of diesel was ineffective. The experiments on non-insecticidal chemical trunk injections of Taramera oil gave best control of red palm weevil. Effect of the temperature on RPW revealed that during higher temperatures (30-40oC) the infestation of pests remained lower except in date gardens where suckers were removed. It is concluded that vertical distribution of RPW infestation ranged 0.00 to 50cm above ground level. Higher infestation was observed where sugarcane and banana crops were intercropped. Removal of suckers and flood irrigations favoured RPW attack. Use of bitter cucumber fruit paste or tree injection of taramera is the best option of environmental friendly control of red palm weevil.
شاعرؔصدیقی کی غزل گوئی غزل اْردو شاعری میں روح کی مانند ہے۔ یہ دراصل قصیدے کا ابتدائی حصہ تشبیب ہے جوعموماًعشق ومحبت کے مضامین پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ ایک الگ صنف سخن کے طور پر ایرانی شعرا نے اس کورواج دیاعربی زبان میں غزل نام کوئی شعرِ صنف موجود نہیں ہے۔شمس رازیؔ نے غزل کی تعریف کچھ اس طرح کی کہ ہرن کو جب شکاری کتے دبوچھ لیتے ہیں اور بے بسی کی حالت میں اس کے منہ سے جو کرب ناک چیخ نکلتی ہے وہ غزل ہے۔معلمین ادب نے اب تک غزل کی جو تعریفیں کی ہیں ان میں سب سے مقبول تعریف یہ ہے کہ’’ عورتوں سے باتیں کرنا ،عورتوں کے متعلق باتیں کر نا ،عورتوں سے عشق بازی کرنا‘‘۔عربی زبان میں غزل سے مراد ’’کاتنا‘‘ لیا جاتا ہے۔عرب میں نوجوان لڑکیاں گھر کی مصروفیت سے جب فارغ ہوجاتی سوت کاتتی تھی اور جوگیت گھاتی اس کو غزل سے معنون کیا جاتا تھا۔شاعری کی اصطلاح میں غزل وہ شعری صنف ہے جس کے ہر شعر میں الگ مضمون باندھا گیا ہوجامعیت اور اختصار غزل کے ہر شعر کا خاصہ ہوتا ہے غزل کا ہر شعر اپنے مفہوم کے لحاظ سے سالم ہوتا ہے۔عشق و عاشقی کے مضامین غزل کے بنیادی عناصر سمجھے جاتے ہیں۔ڈاکٹر محمد عبدالحفیظ قتیلؔ نے اس حوالے سے کچھ یوں اظہار خیال کیا ہے: ’’غزل کے لغوی معنی عورتوں سے باتیں کرنے ،ان کے ساتھ خوش طبعی سے پیش آنے اور عاشقی کرنے کے ہیں۔اور اصطلاح میں اس صنف سخن کو کہتے ہیں جو حسن جمال کی تعریف اور عشق وعاشقی کے ذکر کے لیے مخصوص ہے‘‘ (۱) ہیئت کے اعتبارسے غزل کے تمام مصرعے ایک ہی وزن وبحر میں ہوتے ہیں۔ہرشعر مفہوم کے اعتبار سے دوسرے سے مختلف ہوتا ہے۔اشعار کی تعداد کم ازکم پانچ سے سات ہونی چاہیے۔غزل کے پہلے...
Reproduction is an important aspect of a women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as in comparison to the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can help reduce fertility rates. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of women empowerment along with other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. Number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status. Data of Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13 has been used. The analysis consists of two levels, at level one a descriptive analysis is carried out. As three different aspects of fertility are the count data. Therefore at the next stage models will be estimated by using poison regression technique and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) are reported. It has been found that women’s being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and in household decision making are helpful in reducing fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study had found that wealth of the household, education of husband and having sons have very limited role on the fertility behavior.
Background: Infections caused by Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing enterobacteriaceae have become a global problem. Initially confined to the hospital set-up, they are increasingly being reported in the community.
These infections are often resistant to a wide variety of B- lactams including extended spectrum cephalosporins, with clinical and epidemiological implications for healthcare systems and necessitate surveillance measures based on local data. Local information on the genotypes of ESBLs and their association with cephalosporin resistance in community acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates is scanty, hence the need for this study.
Aim: To detect ESBLs genotypes and correlate these with susceptibility to cephalosporins among ESBL producing Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) isolates acquired in the community.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 52 ESBL producing bacterial isolates chosen through consecutive sampling were analyzed for ESBLs genotypes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis. The isolates were from various clinical specimens submitted in the outpatient setting. The genotypes of interest were SHV, CTX-M, and TEM. Cephalosporin susceptibility was determined by Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using E-tests and classified into three categories; sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. I also determined association between the genotypes and MICs categories.
Results:Forty six (88.5%) of the isolates expressed CTX-M, 13(25%) had SHV, and 18(34.6%) had TEM. Nineteen (36.5%) isolates had more than one genotype. Urine specimens provided most of the ESBL producing isolates (71%) followed by respiratory specimens (11%).
The MICs for the cepharosporins were elevated with MIC50 for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone being 60ug/ml, 13ug/ml, and 139ug/ml, respectively. There was a statistically significant association (p-value= 0.017) between SHV genotype and resistance to Ceftazidime. Though other trends could be discerned between the remaining genotypes and susceptibility profiles of the three dugs, they were not statistically significant.
Interpretation and conclusion: CTX-M is the predominant ESBL genotype in community acquired Enterobacteriaceae infections, majority of which tend to be urinary tract infections.Though the presence of ESBL genes resulted in elevated MICs for the cephalosporins, only the SHV genotype could predict resistance to Ceftazidime. This information of the genotypes present in our locality could form a basis for surveillance of ESBL spread and antibiotic resistance in community isolates.