Crop fertilization and reduced tillage practices simultaneously improve soil properties and crop yield. The objectives of the research were to evaluate urea (FN) and organic N under different tillage system in a 2-year field experiments for soil physiochemical properties, crop yield and N dynamics. The experiments were carried out at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan. Tillage system included deep (DT), conventional (CT) and minimum (MT) tillage. The N treatments were 60, 120 kg FN ha -1 , 10, 20 tons farmyard manure (FYM) ha -1 and 10 tons soybean residue (SR) ha -1 . Farmyard manure and SR were applied solely and in combination with half of FN. A control treatment having no FN, FYM or SR was also included. The experimental design was RCB with split plot arrangement having three replications. Tillage were allotted to main plots, whereas N treatment to subplots. Minimum tillage had higher soil moisture, total N, mineral N and organic C as well as lower soil bulk density than DT. Higher straw, grain and total N uptakes as well as N uptake efficiency was observed in MT than DT. Deeply ploughed plots had higher N utilization efficiency, apparent N re-translocation and its efficiency, N harvest index and physiological efficiency of added N compared to MT. Minimum tillage enhanced emergence, booting, anthesis, milking, maturity and plant tallness compared to DT. Minimum ploughed plots had improved yield components, biological and grain yield. Similarly, MT imposed greater partition of dry matter to leaf, stem and maturity at different growth stages than DT. Emergence was higher in DT, whereas tillers m -2 and weeds m -2 in MT. Supplementing 20 tons FYM ha -1 with 60 kg FN ha -1 had increased soil moisture, mineral N and soil organic C but decreased soil bulk density. Soil C/N ratio was higher in plots receiving FYM solely. Urea N had increased soil pH, whereas soil total N was increased with 10 tons SR + 60 kg FN ha -1 . Greater leaf N at boot, anthesis and maturity stages were measured in plots having 20 tons FYM + 30 kg FN ha -1 , 10 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 and 120 kg FN ha -1 , respectively compared to other treatments. Higher levels of FYM along with FN had increased stem N at earlier growth stage i.e. boot and anthesis compared to lower levels of FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 . Plots having 20 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 had greater stem N at boot and anthesis stage, but 10 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 application had higher stem N at maturity. Higher levels of FYM and FN jointly used had improved spike N at anthesis and maturity stage as well as straw, grain, total N uptakes and protein content compared to other treatments. Control and lower levels of N had greater viinitrogen use, N utilization, apparent N re-translocation efficiencies and N harvest index than fertilized plots. In the same way, greater recovery and agronomic efficiencies of N were observed in 60 kg FN ha -1 plots compared to other fertilized plots. Uptake efficiency of N was higher in plots having 120 kg FN ha -1 , whereas physiological efficiency of N was greater in plots having 10 tons SR + 30 kg FN ha -1 . Fertilization had enhanced emergence and plant height, but control or 60 kg FN ha -1 enhanced vegetative and reproductive cycles. Spike m -2 , grains per spike, thousand grains weight, biological and grain yield was higher in 20 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 compared to other treatments. Relative yield over control was higher in plots having FYM + FN used jointly. Increasing N had increased harvest index in all tillage practices, being higher in CT and in organic N +FN. Fertilization of 20 tons FYM with 60 kg FN ha -1 had increased average leaf area, leaf area index and specific leaf weight, but control had greater specific leaf weight. Leaf, stem and spike dry weight at boot, anthesis and maturity stages were higher in plots incorporated with 20 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 . Incorporation of 10 tons FYM ha -1 had increased crop growth rate and net assimilation rate before anthesis. However, post anthesis crop growth rate and net assimilation rate were greater in plots having 20 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 and 10 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 , respectively. Incorporation of FYM with N used jointly had greater emergence, tillers and weeds m -2 compared to other treatments. Value cost ratio (VCR) and relative increase in income (RII) were higher for FYM used as solely or combined with FN. Application of 20 tons FYM + 60 kg FN ha -1 had higher gross income ($505.2), net income ($455.0) over control, having VCR (9.1) and RII (75.8%) compared to other treatments. Integrated use of 20 tons FYM ha -1 with either 30 or 60 kg FN ha -1 under MT had improved crop productivity and soil fertility beside the monetary benefits and thus recommended for wheat sowing in agro-climatic condition of Peshawar, Pakistan.
آہ مفتی اعظم ہند! [ مفتی محمد کفایت اﷲ دہلوی] واحسرتا!۳۱/دسمبر۱۹۵۲ء کو شب کے ساڑھے دس بجے یعنی ٹھیک اس وقت جبکہ ایک سال شمسی اپنی حیات ِدوازدہ ماہ کی مقررہ مدت پوری کرکے ہمیشہ کے لیے گوشۂ عدم میں آسودۂ سکون ہوجانے کی تیاری کررہاتھا علم وعمل کے آسمان کاایک آفتاب عالم تاب غروب ہوگیا۔یعنی حضرتنا الاستاذ مولانا الحاج المفتی محمد کفایت اﷲ دہلوی نے اسّی (۸۰) سال کی لگ بھگ عمر میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہہ کرجان جان آفریں کے سپرد کی!انا ﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔ حضرت مفتی صاحب کا وجود گرامی اپنی چند درچند علمی وعملی خوبیوں اور گوناگوں دماغی واخلاقی کمالات کے باعث صرف ہندوستان اورپاکستان کانہیں بلکہ پورے عالم اسلام کاایک متاع گرانمایہ اورسرمایہ بلند پایہ تھا کہ آج اس کے اُٹھ جانے پرجتنا بھی ماتم اوراُس پر جتنا بھی افسوس کیاجائے کم ہے۔حضرت مولانا خودجلیل القدر بزرگ اوربزرگوں کی یادگار تھے، انہیں دیکھ کر اوراُن کی صحبت میں دوچار لمحے گزار کرسلف صالحین کی یادتازہ ہوتی تھی۔قدرت نے اُن میں دل اور دماغ دونوں کی خوبیاں اوران کے فضائل وکمالات کچھ اس طرح بیک وقت جمع کردیے تھے کہ اُن کی ہستی’’اے تومجموعۂ خوبی بچہ نامت خوانم‘‘کا مصداق بن گئی تھی۔ وہ ایک طرف بہت بڑے عالم،مفسر،محدث اورفقہیہ تھے تو دوسری جانب علوم عربیہ کے جامع تھے اور ان میں بہت ٹھوس استعداد رکھتے تھے۔ پھر معاملات میں سوجھ بوجھ اورسیاسی ودنیوی امور ومسائل میں ان کی فرزانگی ودانشمندی کایہ عالم تھا کہ جس طرح علما کی بزم کے وہ صدرنشیں تھے اسی طرح ارباب سیاست وتدبیر کی محفل میں بھی اپنامقام خاص رکھتے تھے ’’جوبات کہتے تھے‘‘اورجو لفظ اُن کے قلم سے نکلتا تھاوہ اس قدرجچا تلااور نپانپایا ہوتا تھا کہ کسی بڑے سے بڑے نکتہ چیں کے لیے بھی اُس پر حرف گیری آسان نہ تھی۔ یوں تو اﷲ...
The Muslim religious seminaries (Jameaat-i-diniyya/dini madaris) have become a theme of the global academic agenda, particularly in the wake of the rise of political Islam and the Afghan resistance against Soviet invasion. The theme continuously looms large and has attracted reputable scholars to address the issue in a critical manner. In the present article the author describes various aspects of madrassa education and suggests a number of workable solutions including a new curriculum under the auspices of the Madrassa Education Board and the Higher Education Commission (HEC) in consultation with the traditional madaris and university scholars.
Topic: A Comparative Study of the Attitudes of Students towards Teaching of English Poems through Traditional Method and Interactive Communication Strategies and its Effectiveness at Higher Secondary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pages: 167 Researcher: Allah Noor Khan Marwat Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Shah University: Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan Year: 2013 Degree: Ph.D (Education) The problem under study was to investigate “A Comparative Study of the Attitudes of Students towards Teaching of English Poems through Traditional Method and Interactive Communication Strategies and its Effectiveness at Higher Secondary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.” The main objective of the study was to find out the better teaching method for teaching poems at Higher Secondary level. The study compared the effects of two given methods on the ability of the students to appreciate the theme, music and imagery of the poem. The study worked to find out the attitude of students of both the groups towards their respective teaching methods and finding also the proportionate amount of time given to the students of each group. In this experimental study, Government Boys Higher Secondary School No.4 Dera Ismail Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was selected as a sample through purposive sampling. Selection of sections was randomly done using the new draw method technique. Similarly one group was randomly selected as the experimental and the other as x control. Each group was consisted of thirty students. The same teacher taught to experimental as well as control group. The researcher motivated directed and guided him to use traditional method for teaching English to control group and adopt interactive strategies for experimental group. The relevant pre-test was administered and the students of both groups were equivalent at the time of starting the experiment. The instruments consisted of two achievement tests (pre-test and post-test) in the subject of English 11th class and 10 poems which are included in the textbook of English Course Book of Intermediate Class of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Duration of teaching was about forty days with the period of 40 minutes and both the groups were instructed essentially the same thing except for the method of instruction. The teacher of experimental group started English poem with the help of interactive communication strategies whereas the control group was started English poems with the help of traditional method. After the study, post-test was taken to the students of both the groups. The data was collected and analyzed by the application of software, SPSS version17 and presented in the form of mean scores. The mean scores of experimental and control group were compared and t-test was employed. The significant value was seen at .05 levels as the criterion for the rejection of null hypothesis. By applying two attitude scales to both groups, majority of the students who had been taught through interactive strategies showed more positive attitude towards their respective teaching strategies. Most of the students of traditional method were not satisfied with the teacher dominated class. The proportionate amount of time was calculated by finding the percentage of time taken by the teacher, teacher plus students and students. The findings of the study are that the students of the interactive communication strategies learnt comparatively better than the students who had been taught through xi traditional method. The students of the experimental group also showed positive attitude towards the group activities as compared to the attitude of the students of the control group. Time given to the students was directly proportional to their academic achievement and the improvement of different aspects of poems was also directly proportional to the time consumed by the students. The study recommends that the concept of interactive communication strategies may be implemented at the higher secondary schools for teaching English poems in order to understand its theme, imageries and its musical effects. The policy makers and curriculum planners may encourage these collaborative activities for effective teaching and in pre-service, orientation courses of the teachers. The Government may provide training to English teachers so that they might be able to use the essential elements of interactive strategies i.e. positive interdependence, equal participation, interpersonal, peer learning and small group skills.