أفكار أرنولد توينبي عن الحضارة الإسلامية ومدى تأثره برؤية ابن خلدون: دراسة وصفية و تحليلية

Ibn e Khaldun (1406 C.E.) has been an imminent scholar and well known for his work in the study of civilization. His vision regarding Civilization holds the significant place according to the philosophers of history. Arnold J. Toynbee (1975 C.E.) is one such prominent thinker who not only applauded the thoughts of Ibn e Khaldun but was influenced by Ibn e Khaldun’s views as it can be seen in Toynbee’s book: “A Study of History”. As a philosopher of history, he has much contribution in the field; He interlinks History with civilization. He presented a thoughtful book surrounding his civilizational vision; which explains the causes of world’s ups and downs. Although he presented a quality research about the division of the civilizations in the light of religion, many aspects of his work need to be reassessed. As per his understanding of world civilizations, he represents twenty-one civilizations, but with the passage of time, the number reduces and now only five are left in the contemporary epoch. According to him, religion has played significant role in the rise and fall of civilizations through their various stages. This research will highlight his thought about Islam through a comparison between Toynbee and Ibn e Khaldun’s Islamic civilizational thoughts. The study will also mention several problems in his approach to the Islamic Civilization. Furthermore, along with due importance of both scholars in the subject of history, their authoritative status will be stated. This research aims to discuss some misconceptions of the West that are based on Toynbee's understating of Islamic civilization and history. And, consequently, it intends to improve relations between people of the west and east.

Practice, Barriers, and Motivations of Corporate Social Responsibility Csr in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This study investigated the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in context of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The study focused on exploring CSR related activities of SMEs in the province and their underlying motivations. Moreover, major barriers faced by SMEs in addressing social, economic, and environmental concerns are identified. Mixed-method research methodology is used in two phases of research. The first phase of the research was based on qualitative study which helped in exploring practices of CSR in SMEs along with motivations and barriers. In-depth interviews were conducted from managers and owners of SMEs. Moreover, through adopting ground theory approach, the rich information from interviews was analyzed to extract emerging themes. Qualitative study helped in exploring six major themes related to CSR practice, three major themes on motivations of the CSR, and two themes on barriers of CSR in SMEs. Furthermore, a questionnaire was constructed based on themes emerged during first phase of the study and a conceptual model was formed with relational hypothesis. In the second phase, quantitative methodology is used to test the validity of developed instrument and hypotheses testing. A randomly selected sample of 469 respondents from SMEs was subjected to analysis. Unifactoriality of the constructs was tested with Principal Component Analysis. The results of tests indicated that items related to each construct correlate with each other and hence provide a sufficient evidence of constructs validity. In order to test the relational hypothesis, structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is deployed. Key Words: Corporate Social Responsibility, SMEs, Motivations, Barriers, Mixedmethod research