Introduction: The World Health Organization defines infertility as the failure of achieving conception after one year of unprotected intercourse. Worldwide, approximately 15% of couples are affected by infertility and genetic anomalies account for 15-30% of male factor infertility. Nearly 15% of infertile males suffer from azoospermia in the form of obstructive azoospermia or non-obstructive spermatogenic failure. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) was contributing 6-10% infertility in female population. Environmental and genetic factors are involved. However; etiology of PCOS still remains debatable. Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) or Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) affects 1- 2% of women, and is characterized by amenorrhea before the age of 40 years. POI is heritable in up to 30% of individuals. Methodology: The study presented in the dissertation describes clinical and genetic analysis of twelve Pakistani infertile families (A-L) exhibiting azoospermia, POF, PCOS, Y chromosome microdeletions and chromosomal aberrations. These families were collected from different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Informed consents were taken from all the participants. Results: In this study, we investigated four azoospermic families (A-D) by whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis. WES data analysis of family A with two males with obstructive azoospermia and two fertile members (mother and brother) revealed a novel nonsense variant c.2326C>T (p.R776X) in dominant X-linked ADGRG2. WES data analysis and Sanger sequencing of family B with one azoospermic male, one fertile brother and parents revealed a compound heterozygous variant in AFF4, including c.3319A>G (p.T1107A). In family C one proband and parents samples were subjected for WES analysis, but no pathogenic variants were identified. WES data analysis of family D with one infertile brother, one fertile brother and parents revealed a novel nonsense variant c.646G>A (p.G216R) in X-linked AR. In family E, WES was performed for four family members and seven potential variants were identified but Sanger sequencing failed to confirm any pathogenic variant. Family F has two daughters displaying primary amenorrhea, elevated LH/FSH levels, atrophic uteri, reduced ovarian reserves, and normal 46XX karyotypes. WES analysis of five family members (parents, two affected daughters and one unaffected daughter) revealed a novel frame shift variant (c.709delC, p.Leu237fs) in the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) gene. PCOS Families G, H and I were investigated for pathogenic variants. SNP microarray and WES analysis failed to identify pathogenic variants in PCOS families. Family J showed Y chromosome microdeletions (AZFc) in two azoospermic brothers. Families K and L exhibited chromosomal aberrations; OX and XXY karyotypes in azoospermic members in families respectively. Conclusion: Four families revealed novel variants as the likely cause of infertility (ADGRG2, nonsense variant (c.2326C>T); AR nonsense variant (c.646G>A); AFF4 compound heterozygous (c.3319A>G); LHCGR, frame-shift variant (c.709delC). WES in four families (three PCOS one POF) families could not identify genetic causes in the coding region. One family exhibited “Y” chromosome microdeletion (AZFc region deletion) and two families were found with chromosomal aberrations (XXY and OX).
جہاد کے نام پر اغوا کا کاروبار ایک المیہ ہے ہمارے معاشرے میں بہت سی تنظیمیں جن کا وجود اب معاشرے میں موجود ہے اور ان کی بہتات کی وجہ سے اکثر دشمن سادہ لوگوں کی سادگی کا فائدہ اٹھاتے ہیں کوئی مذہب کا واسطہ دے کر بچوں کے کچے ذہن سیکھیلتا ہے،تو کوئی وطن کی محبت کا لالچ دل میں ڈال کر ور غلاتا ہے۔غیرت کا سودا کرنے کا ہنر ایسی تنظیموں میں عروج پر پایا جاتا ہے۔گاؤں میں آکر ایسی تنظیمیں بچوں کو اپنے وطن کو خطرے میں بتا کر اور ان کے آباؤاجداد کے قصے سناکر ان کے ایمان کو ہتھیار بناکر کہ تم لوگ مومن ہو کیسے چپ بیٹھے ہو اور ان کوان کی مرضی سے یہاں سے ایک ایسی دنیا میں لے جایا جاتا ہے۔جہاں گھر والوں کو وہ اپنی مرضی سے چھوڑ چلے جاتے ہیں اور وہاں انھیں اپنے غلط عزائم کیلئے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ایسی ہی صورت حال کا ذکر اس نے بھی کہانی میں کیا ہے ایک ایسا گروہ جس نے گاؤں کے سکول میں آکر کچھ ایسے ہی کہانی سنا کر بچوں کو جہاد کے نام پر اپنے ساتھ لے گئے۔لکھتے ہیں :
’’کہتے ہیں جس یاجوج ماجوج کا ذکر قرآن میں آیا ہے وہ قوم بڑی ظالم ہیاور اس نے ہماری دیواروں کوچاٹ کر توڑ دیا ہے۔اگر انھیں نہ روکا گیا تو سب کو کھا جائیں گے۔اس لیے اپنے آپ کوبچانے کیلئے نکلو‘‘(13)
یہاں مصنف نے ناول کو ایک نیا موڑ دیا۔ عدیلہ جو کہ عماد کی ماں ہے وہ اپنے بیٹے کی جدائی میں اس گروہ کے پیچھے لگ گئی اور سارا ماجرا سامنے آگیا۔یعنی یہ تنظیم جو کہ جہاد کے نام پر ...
Background: Black Cumin/Nigella sativa (NS) which belongs to the botanical family of Ranunculaceae commonly grows in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Western Asia. Its prolonged use can produce physiological changes with or without affecting the architecture of different organs like the heart (cardiac remodeling). The data for the cardiovascular benefits of black cumin are not well-established scientifically. Objectives: To determine the direct cardiovascular effects of Nigella Sativa extract on heart rate, cardiac contractility (apical force), ECG, and coronary flow in the normal heart with and without cardiac remodeling. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on forty-two (42) rabbits. These rabbits were divided into seven groups, each comprising six animals (Group I-VI without cardiac remodeling and Group VII with cardiac remodeling). NS was given to these groups in different doses i.e, Group I (NS=10ug), Group II (NS=30ug), Group III (NS=100ug), Group IV (NS=300ug), Group V (NS=3000ug), Group VI (NS=10000ug) and VII (NS=300ug). Radnoti's working heart system was used to determine the effects of NS on heart rate, cardiac contractility (apical Force), ECG, and coronary flow in a normal heart with and without cardiac remodeling. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 28. Results: Results of this study revealed negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects without ECG changes in the normal heart and with ECG changes in the remodeled heart. Conclusions: Prolonged use of Nigella sativa can lead to disturbed ECG by affecting the conducting tissue.
This study investigated the role of gender and the game of power structures in Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion and Candida by focusing on the functional use of language, and it is conducted with the viewpoint that Shaw highlighted Postfeminist tendencies through the construction of gender in his plays. The study is revisionist or rereading of Bernard Shaw in the light of Structural Functional model, which is based on the models provided by Sinclair and Coulthard and Carter and Burton. It examined the conversation in which the principal characters were involved by analyzing their acts, moves, exchanges and transactions. The results obtained from the analysis of both plays are highly revealing. In Pygmalion, there is a role reversal and the acts, moves and exchanges which are quite peculiar to Professor Higgins are adopted by Eliza towards the end of the play: throwing the slippers as an act of liberation. The study shows that Eliza’s sex remains the same, but her gender changes towards the end of the play when she decides to marry Freddy. In Candida, the maternal aspect of women is emphasized and recommended which refers to Shaw’s ambivalent attitude towards feminism as he tries to uphold patriarchy. The present study is a contribution to the field of language and gender issues that begins with the frameworks of deficient to dominance and difference. But the study tends to move away from an essentialist framework that regards gender as a fixed entity to a constructionist one that considers gender as a fluid social construct residing in interaction. As a result, the study reinforces Butler’s concept of gender as performative, that is, gender is a process which is neither complete nor consummate. Thus, the study upholds libratory and postfeminist tendencies as it helps to identify unequal gender relationship and sheds light on the maternal role of the female. This research is complementary to other approaches of text and is useful for students and teachers because it provides an objective way to explore and construct a response to a text independently. In other words, it equips us with a tool through which we can verify the subjective interpretation of a text made through thematic studies.