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Home > Mapping Spatial Vegetation Patterns in Palas Valley, Kohistan, Pakistan Using Geographic Information System

Mapping Spatial Vegetation Patterns in Palas Valley, Kohistan, Pakistan Using Geographic Information System

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Saqib, Zafeer

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1708

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726613524

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The present study was carried out in Palas valley (NW Himalaya), Pakistan, known for its intact tracts of forests and aimed at mapping and monitoring of spatial vegetation patterns using Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing and statistical modeling techniques. A regional vegetation/landcover map was developed at 250m resolution by classifying MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images of the year 2011 into six land-cover categories (Glaciers, Pastures, Conifers, Broadleaves, Shrubs and Built-up/agriculture) with an accuracy of >92%. Trends (progressive/regressive) in the regional land-cover conditions were then evaluated between the years 2000 to 2011. The statistical tests highlighted conifers as the most negatively affected land-cover type, whereas, built-up/agriculture land-cover types were dominated by progressive land-cover evolution. The tests further revealed that human population had significant role in modifying regional landcover conditions and associated fauna. A total of eight forest vegetation communities were determined in the valley through classification of floristic 1 data (2004-2007). These included Salix denticulata-Bergenia stracheyi-Geum elatum (SAL-BER-GEU), Betula utilis-Abies pindrow –Viburnum grandiflorum (BET-ABI-VIB), Picea smithiana-Abies pindrow- Viburnum grandiflorum (PIC-ABI-VIB), Juglans regia – Aesculus indica – Acer caesium (JUG-AES-ACC), Cedrus deodara-Quercus floribunda- Indigofera heterantha (CED-QUF-IND), Cedrus deodara-Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana – Pinus wallichiana (CED-PAR- PIN), Quercus baloot - Cotoneaster bacillaris – Cedrus deodara (QUB-COT-CED) and Quercus baloot-Olea ferruginea-Cotoneaster bacillaris (QUB-OLE-COT). The spatial distribution of communities was strongly correlated with elevation, aspect and heat load indices (p<0.05). In order to map the vegetation communities, generalized regression models with stepwise backward procedure were fitted for each community to determine its response against a set of predictor variables. The final models were then implemented in geographic information system to produce forest vegetation communities’ maps. The mapping results indicated that potentially 97231.5 ha of the study area (69.27%) is under forest vegetation out of which PIC-ABI-VIB community had greatest contribution (27.69 %). The forested area calculated for years 1992, 2001 and 2010 was 43886.61 (31.27 %), 38420.19 (27.37 %) and 33491.16 (23.86 %) ha respectively. The logistic regression models were used to determine the driving variables of forest/non-forest transitions. The results showed that locations near to roads but away from settlements were particularly vulnerable to deforestation and spatially concentrate in lower reaches. The simulation of forest cover up to year 2020 indicated that forest area may increase in future.
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حامد نعمانی

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رحلة معادلاتية في علم الملكوت الأعلي

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A Research Study of the Distinctive Traits of the Holy Prophet S. A. W in Urdu Books of Sirah

The Sirah of the last Prophet (SAW) of Allah Almighty is an authoritative source of Islamic Shariah. A Muslim must recourse to Sirah of the Holy Prophet (SAW) for the guidance, if he is unable to find a solution from the Holy Quran. As a matter of fact Sirah formulates a precedent for the mankind to follow. The life of the Holy Prophet (SAW), and his companions is the most valid source of Sirah, a role model for the generations to follow. From the early centuries of Islam till now, Muslim and non-Muslim scholars have done a great job to preserve Sirah completely, and to render the basic authentic Arabic Sirah works in other languages. The apostles and messengers were sent by Allah to guide the humanity towards the path of success and salvation both in this world and the hereafter. The chain of prophet hood commenced with Adam (A.S,) and it was completed by the arrival of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as the last apostle of Allah. The messengers of Allah Almighty were distinguished from all humans, and were blessed with such qualities and distinctions, which were unique and reserved for them only. Allah Almighty conferred matchless and peculiar qualities upon the last Prophet as compared to other prophets and messengers. Knowledge or research in any form or substance passes through many phases of compilation and corroboration before it gets established. The current topic of the distinctive traits of the Holy Prophet (SAW) was in scattered form before assuming the rank of an independent branch of literature. In the beginning, the distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) were only described in the books that contained merely the narration of Ahadith. When Sirah was recognized as a distinctive branch of knowledge, only then the knowledge of distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) was considered as a part of Sirah literature and the discussion about the peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) became a regular part of the books written about the Sirah of the last prophet of Allah Almighty. The distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) were the integral part of the sirah books. As the time passed on, scholars started to write about these distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) with minute details. This thesis is an analysis of Urdu Sirah literature regarding distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW). These books have given Urdu Sirah literature a novel form and dimension, and it is because of such a literature, that the readers of Sirah literature have been able to develop an acquaintance with the dynamic aspects of Sirah of the Holy Prophet (SAW). This thesis consists of five chapters. First chapter has three sections. In this chapter the meaning of distinctive and peculiar characteristics has been described. A Short introduction of books penned around the distinctive aspects of Sirah has been given briefly. The research study also describes different forms of distinctions as discussed by scholars in x their books. Second Chapter has four sections. First section contains the introductory discussion about the style of the Holy Quran in narrating the distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Second Section indicates the peculiarities of the Prophet related to His preaching. Third Section evaluates literary distinctions and in Fourth Section ethical characteristics has been described briefly in the light of Urdu Sirah Books. Third chapter also consists of four sections. First section describes the physical distinctions of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Second deals with characteristics of family life, while third and fourth are about distinctions related to Ummah and Jihād. All these distinctive characteristics have also been proved through references taken from Ahadith provided in Urdu Sirah Books. Fourth Chapter has four sections, in which the miracles of the Holy Prophet (SAW) have been discussed and narrated with the help of the books written on distinctive characteristics. First section discusses the miracle in a theoretical manner. Second section describes the comprehension and abundance of miracles of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Last two section gives a brief introduction about the exclusive miracles of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Fifth chapter consists of four sections. Section one indicates the style of Sirah writers regarding distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) in the light of Holy Quran. Second section contains a critical analysis of the characteristics that are being depicted from weak and fixed collection of Hadith. Third section analyses the arguments regarding distinctions as being described with reference to Bible in Urdu Sirah Books. Last section reviews the concurrences and contradictions of the subjects in the books written about distinctive characteristics. The Sirah literature, we discussed in our dissertation expanded a new dimension of Sirah. The literature upon distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) reveals peculiar characteristics of the last prophet from his life and lifestyle. His personality and conduct is set as a role model by Allah Almighty for the whole mankind across the globe. The life of the Holy Prophet (SAW) is a complete code of life for humanity. The study of distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) is necessary to become familiar with, and to elaborate the conduct of the Holy Prophet (SAW). The description of the grandeur, the magnitude and distinctions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) enlighten the heart of every Muslim with delight and serenity. It also awakens the passion of love and obedience to the Holy Prophet (SAW). Through these books, the Muslims across the globe came to know about the grandeur and high rank of the Holy Prophet (SAW). They are instrumental to enhance the love and devotion for the Holy Prophet (SAW), which is also an essential part of Faith. The material of the books has been derived from basic and authentic sources of Islamic Studies, which enhances and highlights the importance of Sirah of the Holy Prophet (SAW).