Dissertation Title: Measuring the impact of Supply Chain Integration on Organization Performance: The moderating role of Socialization and Organization Culture. Increasing competitive markets, technological modernization, discerning customers and short product life cycles lead to the fact that now competition is between supply chains not between companies anymore.In addition to it , supply chain management is of vital importance in terms of resource dependency,strategy development and also stakeholders relationship management. This demands effective supply chain management and integration of the product flow processes both internally as well as externally for sustainable competitive advantage. The present study aims at investigating empirically the level of internal integration and its antecedents; the relationship between internal and external integration and its impact on the supply chain performance and overall performance in the context of the Petroleum companies of Pakistan. The study also investigated the effect of Socialization and Organization Culture as a moderator of relationship between internal and external integration i.e. with customer and supplier. A cross-sectional study design was employed utilizing a questionnaire in a non-contrived study settings. A Stratified proportionate random sample of 234 managers from Petroleum companies was used. Ninteen hypothesized relationships were tested using Structural Equation modeling technique through AMOS software (Version 20) and are accepted. Each of the antecedents of internal integration i.e. Job rotation (?=0.40), Interdepartmental trainings (?=0.38), Intraorganizational knowledge sharing (?=0.44), Management Commitment (?=0.54), Supporting Information Technologies (?=0.37) and Strategic Consensus (?=0.59) were found significantly correlated with the internal integration. Results further revealed that these integration practices have stronger effect on internal integration when they are aligned than when each of these practices are considered independently. Modeling fit as co-variation approach using SEM was used to confirm this alignment which demonstrated the importance of implementing these practices holistically i.e. integration of new practices with existing practices instead of implementing them in a piecemeal fashion. Furthermore internal integration was found to be significantly related with external integration (i.e. Customer and Supplier integration). All three dimensions of Supply chain Integration i.e. internal, customer and supplier integration were found significantly related to supply chain performance which consequently leads to organization performance. Results further concluded that both customer and supplier integration partially mediate the relationship between internal integration and Supply chain performance. This reiterates the fact that there is not only the need to ensure the optimum level of internal integration to exploit the output of the organization but such efforts also need to be linked with integration practices with customers and suppliers as well for enhancing the output i.e. performance of the supply chain. Using multiple-group SEM, moderating role of Socialization and Organization culture was investigated and found that organizations with better internal integration will have more external integration when the level of Supply Chain Socialization is high as well as if it possesses high levels of market and adhocracy type of organization culture. The findings of the study offer useful insight for the management of the companies which can help them ensure optimal output by giving due importance to internal as well as external integration. Internal integration is prerequisite for external integration and the later can be achieved in a better way if company invests in socialization activities as well as extends its focus on external positioning and maintains fit with external environment. In nutshell, this study provides significant insight for integration-performance relationships. Key words – Integration, Supply Chain, Performance, Socialization, Culture, Petroleum Companies of Pakistan
آہ! سکندر علی وجد (عبدالرحمن پرواز اصلاحی) ۱۶؍ مئی ۱۹۸۳ء کو اردو کے مشہور شاعر سکندر علی وجد کا انتقال ہوگیا۔ عمر ستر سال کی تھی، وہ ۲۲؍ جنوری ۱۹۱۴ء کو دیجاپور ضلع اورنگ آباد میں پیدا ہوئے، ابتدائی تعلیم اورنگ آباد ہی میں ہوئی، اور وہیں ۱۹۳۰ء میں ان کی شاعری کا آغاز ہوا، اور اسی سال کالج میگزین ’’نورس‘‘ کے ایڈیٹر مقرر ہوگئے تھے، ۱۹۳۵ء میں عثمانیہ یونیورسٹی حیدرآباد دکن سے بی اے کی ڈگری لی، ۱۹۳۷ء میں حیدرآباد سول سروس کے امتحان مقابلہ میں کامیابی کے بعد عہدہ منصفی پر ان کا تقرر ہوا، ۱۹۵۲ء میں ریاست حیدرآباد کے ضلع سنگاریڈی میں ڈسٹرکٹ مجسٹریٹ بھی رہے، پھر ۱۹۵۶ء میں سیشن جج کے عہدے پر فائر ہوئے اور اسی سال ملک کی تنظیم جدید میں مہاراشٹر منتقل ہوئے، ۱۹۶۴ء میں قبل از وقت پنشن لی اور انجمن ترقی اردو مہاراشٹر کے صدر منتخب ہوئے، ۱۹۷۰ء میں انھیں ’’پدم شری‘‘ کا اعزاز ملا۔ ۱۹۷۲ء میں مہاراشٹر سے انھیں راجیہ سبھا کا ممبر بنایا گیا۔ وہ ۱۹۷۵ء میں مہاراشٹر اردو اکاڈمی کے نائب صدر منتخب ہوئے، غالب اکاڈمی دہلی نے ان کو ۱۹۷۷ء کا اکاڈمی ایوارڈ دیا، اسی سال اترپردیش اردو اکاڈمی نے ان کے مجموعہ کلام ’’بیاض مریم‘‘ پر تین ہزار کا انعام دیا، ان کی گوناگوں ادبی خدمات کی بناء پر انھیں ۱۹۸۱ء میں ترقی اردو بورڈ کا نائب صدر نامزد کیا گیا، وہ دارالمصنفین کے لائف ممبر بھی تھے۔ جب انھوں نے شاعری کے میدان میں قدم رکھا تو تھوڑے ہی عرصہ میں ان کی شاعری کی دھوم مچ گئی، سروجنی نائیڈو، سر عبدالقادر، خواجہ حسن نظامی، جعفر علی خان اثر، قاضی عبدالغفار اور جگر مراد آبادی نے ان کی رعنائی خیال، حسن بیان اور رفعت فکر کی دل کھول کر داد دی اور بہت جلد وہ اردو کے ممتاز شاعروں میں شمار...
The Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān (جامع البیان عن تاویل ای القران) the book of Quranic interpretation is known as Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī. The author Imām Ṭabarī was blessed for being skilled enough in presenting the message of Islam with different methods. The methodology he has chosen to explain the precious hidden beads of Holy Quran is associated with the methodology of tafsir bi-al-ma’thur (تفسیر بالماثور). His presented explanations are completely independent from the reflection of his personal opinions. The statements of the early stages of Islam, the direct transmissions by the Holy prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and his companions were chiefly used to understand the meaning of Holy Quran. The jurisprudence, linguistic, and the philosophic approaches are also referred in his tafsir.
This has always been the dream of development thinkers, academicians, researchers and policy makers to contribute in materializing the goal of sustainable development with maximum possible equity. A series of development programs have been launched in different regions of the country to materialize this dream. Now it has become a challenging question whether such initiatives are really contributing in the welfare of masses and if so, what sort of policy messages can be taken from such success stories? In this connection, the fundamental objective of this study was to empirically investigate the impact of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Community Development Program (AJKCDP) in multidimensional perspectives. This program was established to directly address the key issues for rural poverty reduction through empowering the community organization to assume the responsibility and ownership for decentralized planning and implementation of development activities. Both secondary and primary data was collected for analysis, for the objectives and thus for extracting meaningful results. The entire AJK was the universe of the study and a sample of 560 respondents was snapped by employing multistage stratified purposive random sampling technique. Four districts were selected from where both male and female respondents who were registered (70 percent) and non-registered (30 percent) were surveyed from selected villages in each of the districts. Data was gathered from the field through personal interviews by using a properly constructed interview schedule. Empirical analysis was operated by using different analytical techniques. There has been xxiii substantial difference in the trend of education profile of registered and nonregistered members from the base year (2003-04) to current year (2013-14). FGT measure of poverty was applied for estimating incidence, depth and severity of poverty in absolute and relative framework. There has been decrease in incidence poverty by 6 percent among the registered members but there was slight increase in depth of poverty. Similarly, the increase in relative incidence of poverty among members was 3 percent less than non-members. Relative depth of poverty has been decreased substantially showing the positive impact of developmental interventions as during the base year around 13 percent boost in income was required to come out of poverty. Now only 7 percent coverage is required. Inequality among the poor has also been reduced more among registered members than non-registered. There are varying reflections of incidence, depth and severity of poverty in different districts of AJK. Beside unidimensional poverty, multidimensional deprivation was also quantified for all registered and nonregistered members of AJKCDP under different arbitrary weight arrangements. Most of such empirics clearly demonstrate the fact that multidimensional poverty was reduced in a higher proportion among the members as compared to nonmembers except in Muzaffarabad. Health dimension has been emerged as the leading contributor in multidimensional poverty as health poverty increased almost in all districts of AJK. Had there been health related initiatives, the fall in multidimensional poverty would have been higher. Probability expressions were modeled with the aid of Logit to check correlates of poverty in the area. Education, cultivated area, assets, employment status, jobs of females, household size and the livestock are going to increase the probability of decrease in poverty. It is xxiv recommended that the success stories of this program should be replicated with great care as area specific interventions are more workable than initiatives in one stroke across the whole valley. One key policy message states that no intervention can be sustainably workable and highly successful in improving the welfare of the masses until health related issues are addressed in conjunction with other initiatives. It has been proved empirically that women‟s participation in economic activities plays a pivotal role in reducing poverty. Gender friendly policies are highly beneficial particularly in the remote regions. Health and education related infrastructure should be improved by involving the local community and by inviting private sector through the foundation of corporate social responsibility.