مولانا محمد عرفان خاں
ایک مجاہد کا ماتم
مولانا محمد عرفان خاں صاحب معتمد خلافت بمبئی کی ناگہانی وفات کی خبر اخباروں کے ذریعہ آپ تک پہنچی ہوگی، مرحوم ہزارہ سرحد کے رہنے والے تھے، اور سلسلہ خیرآباد کے عالمِ معقولات اور مدرس تھے، ۱۹۲۰ء کی قومی تحریکات نے درس و تدریس کی مسند سے اٹھاکر قوم و ملت کے عملی کا موں سے ان کو وابستہ کردیا، ان کی سب سے مخلصانہ خدمت ۱۹۲۳ء اور ۱۹۲۴ء میں ملکانوں کے فتنہ ارتداد کے موقع پر ان کی جانبازی، ایثار اور محنت ہے، ان کے علاقوں میں بیسیوں میل پیادہ اور بھوکے پیاسے سفر کرنا اور ایک گاؤں سے دوسرے گاؤں میں مارے مارے پھرنا ان کی زندگی کا اہم کارنامہ ہے، اس کے بعد انھوں نے جمعیۃ العلماء دہلی سے وابستہ ہوکر جمعیۃ کے کاموں کو کچھ زمانہ تک انجام دیا، اور شریف حجاز اور ابن سعود کی لڑائی کے زمانہ میں حجاز جاکر معاملات کی تحقیقات کے لیے نامزد ہوئے، پھر ۱۹۲۶ء میں موتمر اسلامی کی شرکت کے لیے گئے اور وہاں سے واپسی پر وہ بمبئی کی مجلس خلافت کے کاموں میں مصروف ہوگئے، اور اسی مصروفیت میں ان کی زندگی کے آخری سال بسر ہوئے، ان کی عمر اس وقت پچاس سے زیادہ نہ ہوگی، بلند و بالامضبوط اور قومی تھے، ایک دفعہ وہ قومی تحریکوں کے سلسلہ میں قید بھی ہوئے تھے، اور اسی قید میں انھوں نے یہ سعادت پائی کہ حافظ قرآن ہوئے۔
مرحوم نہایت دوست پرور ہنس مکھ، ظریف اور فیاض تھے، صوبہ سرحد سے وہ مدتوں جلا وطن رہے، جلاوطنی کا دور ختم ہوا تب بھی وطن جاکر اپنی خدمات کی وسعت کو انھوں نے محدود کرنا پسند نہیں کیا، تمام عمر مجرد رہے، اور اسی طرح پوری عمر گذاردی، ایک طرف وہ فقیر بے نوا تھے، دوسری طرف...
The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message, enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.
Maize germs from six promising locally grown hybrids, namely Poineer-32-F-10 (P-1), Poineer-32-B-33 (P-2), Monsanto-6142 (M-1), Monsanto-6525 (M-2), Rafhan- 2331 (R-1) and commercial were characterized for proximate composition, selected minerals, amino acid & fatty acid profiles and tocopherols. Based on the germ recovery and compositional analysis, one best hybrid germ, Pioneer 32-F-10 (P-1), was selected for further analysis and product development. Refined maize germ oil (MGO) from selected hybrid, was analyzed for various physical and chemical characteristics. The MGO was evaluated for cake preparation through blending with normal shortening at different levels. Moreover, defatted maize germ (DMG) meal was subjected to biological and safety evaluation using Sprague Dawley rats. Later, DMG flour was blended with wheat flour in different combinations; evaluated for functional properties, textural analysis (SMS Texture Analyzer) and Farinographic behavior. Flour blends were further used to develop value-added products like bread and cookies. Germ recovery from the experimental hybrids ranged from 6.31-7.68%, while the highest germ yield was observed in P-1 hybrid. Germ samples were found to be nutrient dense; crude protein 16.34-20.96%, crude fat 32.10-38.80%, crude fiber 2.63-4.79%, ash 3.08-4.94%, α-tocopherol 4.63-9.68 mg/100g and γ-tocopherol 29.52-35.51 mg/100g. The germ samples were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (46.74- 58.00 g/100g) and essential amino acids (33.30-39.04 g/100g). Additionally, in germ samples, minerals like P (1.06-1.79 g/100g), K (1.19-1.64 g/100g), Mg (0.43- 0.78 g/100g) and Fe (9.08-14.46 mg/100g) were in substantial amount. MGO from selected germ (P-1) was successfully incorporated in cake recipe with high sensory quality. Defatted maize germ (DMG) meal was found to be considerable source of protein (32.1%), dietary fiber (31.87%) and allied minerals. In the experimental rats, in-vivo protein quality of DMG flour was: 87.10±0.78% true digestibility, 76.70±1.25% net protein utilization, 88.06±o.67% biological value, 5.12±0.21 net protein ratio and 2.15±0.03 protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher than that of wheat-based diet and comparable with casein. Favorable impact of DMG flour on serum biochemical profile was observed; cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and glucose levels decreased up to 6.80, 12.45, 16.19 and 6.50 %, respectively. DMG flour resulted in improvement of functional properties of DMG flour-wheat flour blends with special reference to improved water & oil absorption capacity, gelling and emulsion properties; revealed its worth in food preparations. Protein and fiber enriched cookies and breads were prepared up to 15% wheat flour substitution with DMG flour. Consumer response to purchase defatted maize germ flour fortified cookies was very positive e.g. 64% of the respondents said that they would prefer to purchase.