This dissertation based on the investigation of environmental friendly microwave heating for the synthesis of N-phenylanthranilic acid, acridone and acridine molecules with reference to their medicinal importance. Present dissertation consist of four chapters, each chapter describe different library of synthetic compounds their biological screening and structure characterization by spectroscopic analysis. Each chapter has its own compounds, figure, and reference number. Chapter one consists of introduction of microwave heating in different field of chemistry, its merits over conventional heating and its utilization in the synthesis of different bioactive heterocyclic molecules. Microwave assisted synthesis of Nphenylanthranilic acid performed by Ullmann reaction. Thirty compounds 35-64 were screen against urease, α-chymotrypsin, MCF-7 anticancer cells, antileishmanial, and bacterial multidrug resistance activities. In case of urease activity, twenty-three compounds were active with variable inhibitory values. Most active among them was compound 42 with three-fold inhibition of urease enzyme then the standard drug thiourea. Out of thirty derivatives eight derivatives have shown a -chymotrypsin inhibition while only one compound 50 was active against MCF-7 cancer cells lines. However good inhibition result obtains for bacterial multidrug resistance and antileishmanial where most of the compounds were significant active. Whereas noticeable antileishmanial result obtained for compounds 39, 40, 42, 48, 51 and 56 which can be contributed in finding of some lead molecule for further studies on antileishmanial drug. Chapter two describes the synthesis of Acridine-9-one analogs 48-71 by cyclization of N-phenylanthranilic acid under microwave heating and there in-vitro enzyme inhibition. All tested compounds inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme very significantly, compounds 54 and 64 even better than the standard acarbose. Similarly, for β-glucuronidase compounds 49, 51, and 52 have demonstrated improved activity than standard. Moderate anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal result obtained while compound 61 seen as good antioxidant agent. These properties offered to ascertain therapeutic potential of acridone moieties. In the course of research, Library of 9-oxo-N''-[(Z)-phenylmethylidene]-9,10dihydro-4-acridinecarbohydrazide analogs 7-47 synthesis under microwave irradiation performed and screen against in-vitro antileishmanial, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Compounds 25, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39 and 45 have demonstrated good antileishmanial activity tested towards organism L. major. Majority of compounds have shown good inhibition against different strain of bacteria. Compound 30, 28 and 32 seen as most active against S. aureus, same as compounds 36-42, 44 and 46 towards C. diphtheria. Compound 40 found to be most active towards S. paratyphi A while all other derivatives have shown variable inhibition result against different bacterial strains. Eighteen derivatives found to be moderately active towards fungal species, among them compound 42 has shown highest inhibition against A. niger fungal strain. Last chapter of dissertation comprises of synthesis of acridine analogs with the use of clean and efficient microwave heating. Synthesis of 9-phenylacridine derivatives 39-52 performed by Bernthsen reaction in less time than conventional method and without the hindrance of unwanted side products formation. All synthesized molecules antileishmanial inhibition potential was than screened. Biological screening of all microwaves assisted synthesized analogs demonstrated that present research work would be helpful in the structure modifications of these scaffolds to enhance their therapeutic potential.
سیرت النبی محمد مصطفیٰؐ نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع مل رہا ہے وہ ہے:’’سیرت النبی محمد مصطفیٰؐ‘‘ محترم صدر! آج سے چودہ سو سال پہلے کا ئنات گھٹا ٹوپ تاریکیوں میں مستورتھی۔ ہر طرف جبر و تشدد کی ژالہ باریاں مصروف تباہی تھیں۔ درندگی وبہیمیت کی فضا میں حق پرستی و پرہیز گاری ناپید ہو چکی تھی۔ صنف نازک کی عصمت کا کوئی محافظ نہ تھا۔ ہر طرف آلام و مصائب کے بگولے محورقص تھے۔ صبح و شام غرباء فقراء کے سروں پر ظلم و تعدی کی تلوارلٹکتی رہتی تھی۔ جہاں تک نظر پڑتی کشت و خون ، درندگی و حیوانیت اور خوف و ہراس کا دور دورہ تھا۔ انسانی عقائدضعف اور اضمحلال کا شکار ہو چکے تھے گویا کفر و ضلالت کا ٹھاٹھیں مارتا ہوا طوفان تھا جس کے تند و تیز تھپیڑوںمیں انسانیت کی شکستہ نائو ہچکولے کھا رہی تھی۔ بلائے عظیم میں گرفتہ کسی نجات دہندہ کے منتظر تھے۔ آخر خالق کائنات کوسسکتی ہوئی انسانیت پر رحم آیا۔ رب کعبہ نے رشد و ہدایت کے اس آفتاب کوافق فاراں پر طلوع کیا۔ وہ آفتاب صداقت جوختم المرسلین ہے۔ جورحمت اللعالمین ہے۔ شافع المذنبین ہے۔ اسلام جس کا دین ہے۔ جس کے نور سے روشن ساری زمین ہے۔ نگاہ عشق و مستی میں وہی اوّل، وہی آخر وہی قرآں ، وہی فرقاں، وہی یٰسیں، وہی طہٰ معزز سامعین! رسول عربیؐکیا آئے کائنات میں انقلاب آ گیا۔ یاس وقنوطیت سے پژمردہ چہروں پر امید کی بہارآگئی، قتل و غارت اور خوف و ہراس کی آندھیاں تھم گئیں۔صنم ہائے تراشیدہ ریزہ ریزہ ہو گئے۔ عرب وعجم کے ایوانِ ہائے عیش وطرب منہدم ہونے لگے۔ وادیٔ خزاں میں...
Family is the basic unit of human society which forms in the shape of marriage between a couple. Historically, all human civilizations and religions have cared for the union between Man and woman by constituting norms and rules right from the solemnization till the death of any partner of the union. Similarly, the religion of Islam has provided all sort of guidance in this regard keeping in view the natural sensations of humans for cohabitation and making their lives pure as well as chaste. Generally, Islam does not encourage late or delayed marriages rather it incites its followers to marry at appropriate time after adulthood. However, nowadays trend of late and delayed marriages is getting popularity in our Pakistani society which is a point of deliberation for the social scientists and Muslim scholars. The current paper deals with this topic to elaborate its causes and suggests means for tackling in the light of Islamic instructions.
Wheat is one of the leading grain crops of Pakistan and being staple diet of the inhabitants, it grasps a key position in the agricultural policies. Sustainable productivity of wheat is of paramount importance in the context of many biotic and abiotic factors that limit its production. Stripe or yellow rust is one of such biotic factors, caused by an obligate parasite Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici Eriks., that confines wheat production throughout the world. Presence of several races of each and ever-changing nature of the stripe rust pathogen cautions cultivation of susceptible wheat cultivars in humid, high uplands and cooler regions of the country. Monitoring of the stripe rust population is imperative to determine pathotype variation so that new virulences with the potential to overcome resistance genes currently deployed in the wheat cultivars can be detected. Accordingly, the research was executed in the Northern Punjab and NWFP to identify prevailing Pst virulence pattern and pathotype variation and trap the stripe rust pathogen through establishing “Trap Nurseries” at selected sites of the study area; estimate wheat yield losses due to stripe rust in field under disease stress conditions; and evaluate breeders material for its disease reaction under field condition. Analyses of yield loss data confirmed significant loss where disease level was very high. The most severely diseased cultivars had the lowest yields. Morocco depicted extremely low yields whereas Inquilab-91 expressed a loss of only 38.73 kg ha-1 against the disease severity of 36.25 percent in 2007 as compared to the loss of 143.3 kg ha-1 when the disease severity was just 8.12 percent during 2006. Stripe rust was also severe against Bakhtawar and Wafaq-2001 during 2007 at the test sites in Rawalpindi and showed a dramatic affect on yield. Considerable yield losses were observed in 2007 as compared to the losses estimated during 2006 attributing to the conducive environmental factor that persisted for more than four weeks and prolonged the infectious period of the stripe rust pathogen. Screening of 188 varieties / advanced breeding lines against stripe rust was also carried out during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Cluster analysis based on the RRI was performed, which indicated that the entire cultivars could be distributed into six clusters at 20 percent linkage level. Average Coefficient of Infection (ACI) and Relative Resistance Index (RRI) values of two year trial showed that out of 188 cultivars 150 had RRI value >7 ≤9 and were found in the desirable range; 28 cultivars were included among the acceptable range having RRI value ≥5 <7. However, only 10 cultivars showed RRI value <5 and fell under undesirable range. In the present study, pathotype variation of Pst population that occur naturally in the major wheat growing areas of Pakistan were analyzed. The outcomes were highlighted in the context of prevailing virulences and identification of the Yr resistance genes that are still effective. During 2005-06 and 2006-07, 12 previously identified Pst races were confirmed while one new race was identified. In Pakistan, virulence is present for the stripe rust resistance genes Yr1, Y6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr12, Yr17, Yr18, Yr24, YrSu, YrSk and YrA. Virulence for Yr resistance genes Yr2+, Yr3V, Yr3N, Yr5, Yr6,2+, Yr7+, Yr9,2+, Yr10, Yr11, Yr15, YrSd, YrCv and YrSp was neither observed during the glasshouse investigations nor prevalent at any of the six WSRTN sites. Although resistance genes Yr4+, Yr8+, Yr26 and Yr29 (Pavon 76) expressed partial virulence but still have prospective for exploitation. To deploy the identified Yr resistance genes either singly or in combination in the upcoming wheat breeding program could play an effective role to lessen yield losses inflicted by stripe rust.