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Mitigation of Drought Stress in Maize Hybrid Through Different Nutrient Management Strategies

Thesis Info

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Author

Hussain, Sajid

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Agricultural Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9627/1/sajid_Hussain_Agronomy_UAF_2016.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726647897

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Macronutrients (N, P, and K) along with micronutrients particularly zinc promote successful crop growth under drought stress. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient involved in photosynthesis and as an enzyme antioxidant-cofactor. Its deficiency may cause severe growth reduction and may also delay the crop maturity. Drought stress is the principal threat to crop productivity worldwide. Approximately, one third of the cultivated area of the world suffers from perpetual drought. Drought stress is an alarming global issue with severe consequence to human well being. In Pakistan, yield of maize (Zea mays L.) is often reduced by drought, and the severity of the problem may increase due to the protected climate change. Therefore, developing different approaches to mitigate drought stress are inevitable to minimize the losses in crop production. This study was conducted at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during spring of 2013/2014. For this, a 2-year field study was conducted to assess the effects of drought on maize hybrid growth, productivity, and yield level changing, etc. It was adjusted as a randomized complete block design to assess the yield variation of the hybrid maize involving a split plot arrangement with three replications. Three soil moisture regimes were maintained as main plot and included: (I1) well-watered treatment, (I2) mild drought with 25 mm of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD), and (I3) severe drought with 50 mm of PSMD. Nutrients levels were laid out as sub-plots and included:T1 (Control), T2 (200 kg ha-1 N), T3 (300 kg ha-1 N), T4 (12 kg ha-1 Zn), T5 (200 kg ha-1 N + 12 kg ha-1 Zn), T6 (300 kg ha-1 N + 12 kg ha-1 Zn) in first experiment, while in 2nd experiment sub plots treatments were as follows (T1) control, (T2) 100 kg ha-1 K, (T3) 150 kg ha-1 K, (T4) 12 kg ha-1 Zn, (T5) 100 kg ha-1 K + 12 kg ha-1 Zn, and (T6) 150 kg ha-1 K + 12 kg ha-1 Zn.All of the allometric and agronomic parameters like leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, plant population, number of grain rows cob-1 and 1000- grain weight were strongly affected by drought. Obtained results were showed that application of Zn with higher doses of N and K strongly improved of the maize root growth, and it was the most cost-effective approach under drought stress conditions. The highest grains yield of (8.57 t ha-1 and 8.12 t ha-1 in 2013 and 8.76 t ha-1 and 8.04 t ha-1 in 2014) were obtained by (I1T6) treatment combination which was resulted in well-watered and fertilized plot with higher doses of nutrients during 2013/2014. Hence, higher rates of N and K with Zn can be used to enhance maize production and net income under well-watered field conditions.
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سلطان جہان بیگم

والیۂ بھوپال سلطان جہاں بیگم
خادمہ ملت و مخدومہ امت کا ماتم
علیا حضرت سلطان جہان بیگم سابق فرمانرواے کشور بھوپال جن کے نامِ نامی کے ساتھ ہمیشہ قلم کو یہ لکھنے کی عادت تھی کہ خلداﷲ ملکھا، خدا ان کی حکومت ہمیشہ قائم رکھے، اب وہاں کوسدھاریں جہاں کی حکومت واقعاً ہمیشہ ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی مغفرت کی لازوال دولت، اور اپنی رضا و خوشنودی کی غیر فانی سلطنت عطا فرمائے۔
علیا حضرت کی وفات ایک ایسا سانحہ ہے جس کا ماتم نہ صرف بھوپال، نہ صرف ہندوستان نہ صرف مسلمان بلکہ تمام دنیا کررہی ہے، اور کرے گی وہ نہ صرف اسلام کی بلکہ مشرق کی وہ آخری تاجدار خاتون تھیں جن کے کارناموں پرمرد سلاطین اور امراء بھی رشک کرسکتے ہیں، ان کا دور حکومت جو تیس ۳۰ سال سے کم نہیں رہا بھوپال کی تاریخ کا زرین عہد ہے۔
سلطانہ مرحومہ مشرقی و مغربی تعلیم و تمدن کا ایسا مجمع البحرین تھیں، جو آج مصلحین امت کا آئیڈیل ہے، اُن کی مشرقی تعلیم پوری اور مغربی واقفیت بقدر ضرورت تھی، وہ نہ صرف فرمانرواتھیں، بلکہ ہندوستانی خواتین کی رہنما مسلمانوں کی واحد یونیورسٹی کی رئیسۂ علیا، مذہبی تعلیم کی سب سے بڑی حامی، مذہبی علوم و فنون کی سب سے بڑی سرپرست ہندوستان کی معتدل نسوانی اصلاحات کی سب سے بڑی مبلغ، مسلمان عورتوں میں سب سے بڑی کثیرالتصانیف اور سب سے بہتر مقررہ، لیکن ان ہر قسم کے انتظامی، اصلاحی، ملکی، علمی اور تعلیمی کارناموں سے بڑھ کر اُن کا حقیقی شرف، اُن کی مذہبی گرویدگی، دینی عقیدت اور ایمانی جوش و ولولہ تھا۔
وہ ہر قومی و مذہبی و علمی تحریک پر سب سے پہلے لبیک کہتی تھیں، اور اُس کے لئے عملی قدم اٹھاتی تھیں، مسلم یونیورسٹی، مدرسۂ دیوبند، دارالعلوم ندوہ، اور ووکنگ مشن چھوٹے بڑے بیسیوں تعلیمی...

Exploring Individual and Social Factors that Influence Human Belief: An Analysis in the Light of Quran and Sunnah

استقصاء العوامل المؤثرة في الاعتقاد الإنساني من الناحية الفردية والاجتماعية: دراسة تحليلية في ضوء القرآن والسنة This research work was primarily designed to explore the factors that affect and change the human beliefs. The paper particularly addresses the issue from individual and social perspectives in relation to Holy Quran and authentic traditions of Holy Prophet PBUH. Qualitative research approach was employed for the collection and demonstration of data. The review of relevant literature concluded that there are many factors which seriously affected and changed the human beliefs. However, the most important and common factors are four: individual, social, religious, and economic. These factors play a significant role in changing Islamic beliefs of an individual. In this context, it was recommended that Islamic states in general, and Islamic scholars in particular should play their role to preserve Islamic beliefs in its original form. Furthermore, Muslim scholars should also design the strategy of purging beliefs from impurities and presenting them in systematic, logical and rational way along with their impact on the society

Development of Functionalized Zeolite Hybrids As Potential Adsorbents

The industrial revolution has led to an unequal and uncontrolled distribution of the toxic substances in different compartments of the environment. A large number of researchers have offered specific solution to combat the hazardous and toxic substances. The real challenge faced today is the complex interaction of the pollutants in each compartment compelling the scientists to develop materials offering one spot solution applicable to a wide range of toxicants. The present investigation is an effort to synthesize a range of different materials having multi-dimensional potential for removing diverse pollutants with general efficacy and limited specificity. Though a number of materials fall under the same category, the Zeolites and their tailored forms offer advantages such as thermal stability, low-cost, ease of availability, and high sorption affinity. Zeolites and their functionalized hybrids have attracted interest from academic and industrial laboratories due to high catalytic and exchange properties. In the present research, Zeolite as base material is synthesized from economical precursors using hydrothermal method. Post modification for synthesis of functionalized hybrids is attempted with doping of metals (Cu, Zn, and Cu/Zn), organic moieties ((Thiophene, Dibenzothiophene, and Thiophene/ Dibenzothiophene), and combination of both into the Zeolite framework. On the basis of induced functionality the eleven hybrids of Zeolite are grouped into three categories. The purpose of preparation of hybrids is to have diverse functional groups on the surface of a single Zeolite to adsorb a variety of pollutants from environmental media. The synthesized materials are subjected to a series of characterization techniques to determine surface and bulk properties for effective adsorption. The successful incorporation of the functional groups (Thiol, CH3, and Metal-Oxygen) is indicated by FTIR, BET surface area and SEM analysis proposes that crevices and channels serve as pores for uptake of incoming pollutants. Further, EDX shows silica and alumina percentage which is involved in developing zeolite framework (internal and external linkages) for binding. The thermal stability of Zeolite (360-570°C) is assessed from TGA studies. XRD demonstrates the amorphous nature of Zeolite framework that generally decreases on functionalization. Zeolite and the functionalized hybrids are applied for the removal of Metals (Hg, As), Dyes (Methylene Blue, Methyl Orange), Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (Benzene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, and Pyrene), Sulfur (Model Fuel, Commercial fuel) and Insecticide (Imidacloprid). For each application, closed batch adsorption protocol is followed. The results of adsorption experiments confirm the efficiency of synthesized hybrids as adsorbents for the removal of a number of pollutants. Generally, mercury showed better removal than arsenic on the adsorbents. Moreover all Zeolite based hybrids testifies the fitness of pseudo-second order kinetics & Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for the removal of mercury and arsenic. The hybrids depict higher removal capacity for methylene blue in comparison to methyl orange. Moreover Zeolites shows good removal potential for sulphur, Imidacloprid and polyaromatic as well.