Macronutrients (N, P, and K) along with micronutrients particularly zinc promote successful crop growth under drought stress. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient involved in photosynthesis and as an enzyme antioxidant-cofactor. Its deficiency may cause severe growth reduction and may also delay the crop maturity. Drought stress is the principal threat to crop productivity worldwide. Approximately, one third of the cultivated area of the world suffers from perpetual drought. Drought stress is an alarming global issue with severe consequence to human well being. In Pakistan, yield of maize (Zea mays L.) is often reduced by drought, and the severity of the problem may increase due to the protected climate change. Therefore, developing different approaches to mitigate drought stress are inevitable to minimize the losses in crop production. This study was conducted at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during spring of 2013/2014. For this, a 2-year field study was conducted to assess the effects of drought on maize hybrid growth, productivity, and yield level changing, etc. It was adjusted as a randomized complete block design to assess the yield variation of the hybrid maize involving a split plot arrangement with three replications. Three soil moisture regimes were maintained as main plot and included: (I1) well-watered treatment, (I2) mild drought with 25 mm of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD), and (I3) severe drought with 50 mm of PSMD. Nutrients levels were laid out as sub-plots and included:T1 (Control), T2 (200 kg ha-1 N), T3 (300 kg ha-1 N), T4 (12 kg ha-1 Zn), T5 (200 kg ha-1 N + 12 kg ha-1 Zn), T6 (300 kg ha-1 N + 12 kg ha-1 Zn) in first experiment, while in 2nd experiment sub plots treatments were as follows (T1) control, (T2) 100 kg ha-1 K, (T3) 150 kg ha-1 K, (T4) 12 kg ha-1 Zn, (T5) 100 kg ha-1 K + 12 kg ha-1 Zn, and (T6) 150 kg ha-1 K + 12 kg ha-1 Zn.All of the allometric and agronomic parameters like leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, plant population, number of grain rows cob-1 and 1000- grain weight were strongly affected by drought. Obtained results were showed that application of Zn with higher doses of N and K strongly improved of the maize root growth, and it was the most cost-effective approach under drought stress conditions. The highest grains yield of (8.57 t ha-1 and 8.12 t ha-1 in 2013 and 8.76 t ha-1 and 8.04 t ha-1 in 2014) were obtained by (I1T6) treatment combination which was resulted in well-watered and fertilized plot with higher doses of nutrients during 2013/2014. Hence, higher rates of N and K with Zn can be used to enhance maize production and net income under well-watered field conditions.
Ethnicity implies the sense of belonging together as the cultural group in a given society. It is a complex combination of racial, cultural and historical characteristics by which people differentiate themselves from other groups. This research envisages the genesis and the evolution of ethnicity as a political concept, the problems of ethnicity in a heterogeneous, multicultural state and the phenomenon of ethno-nationalism in its historical and analytical perspective in the federation of Pakistan with special reference to the status of Seraiki ethnic group. In fact ethnic expressions exist in all multicultural states and distinct ethnic groups evaluate themselves through communal prism. The less privileged groups develop abhorrence against the over – privileged groups due to the persistence of socioeconomic injustices. Factors like the gap between core and periphery, asymmetrical modernization and authoritarian trends lead towards ethnic disruption. Same is the case with Pakistan, a multilingual, multiracial and multiethnic state with federating units reflecting various diversities. The analysis of ethno-nationalism in Pakistan highlights factors, like regional cultural identity, relative deprivation among regions, centralized state structure, denial of accepting regional language as national language, and the absence of democratic values as being the root causes of the Bengali separatism. The assimilationist policies of the government do not acknowledge the regional/ethnic aspirations. Denial of pluralistic approach has been thwarting the demand for provincial autonomy. The nature of ethnic consciousness in the Seraiki belt, analyzed in this article, is found to be nurtured by the perceived socio-economic injustice at intra-provincial level—between the regions of South Punjab and Central and Northern Punjab put together
The study has been conducted to measure the impact of Organizational culture on employee performance and
the mediating role of employee commitment. In universities offering business education at Peshawar. Ten (10)
universities were selected as sample of the study to collect data. As the data was quantitative in nature, self-
administered structured questionnaire were used for the data collection.
The data was collected from faculties of business educational integral institutes through census research. The
population was 200 from ten institutes. The employee performance was the dependent variable, organizational
culture as independent variable and employee commitment as mediating variable of the study. SPSS was used
for the data analysis. The reliability, correlation and regression tests were used for the data analysis. As per the
results of correlation tests the organizational culture has positive and significant relationship with employee
performance and employee commitment has positive relationship with performance as well.
According to the regression results, organizational culture has a significant effect on employee performance
(Alternate hypothesis accepted). Employee commitment has significant effect on employee performance
(Alternate hypothesis accepted). The organizational culture has significant effect on employee commitment
(Alternate hypothesis accepted). Stepwise regression was run to check the mediating role of employee
commitment and results indicated that employee commitment partially mediates the relationship between
organizational culture and employee performance. At the end limitations and recommendations for future
research are given.