خلق التسامح أصل دين الإسلام والسبب الرئيس في انتشار دعوته

This research shows the value of tolerance in Islam, which is the basis of the ethics of the religion of Islam. This great value has created the bonds of love and harmony between Muslims and all human beings. This was the main reason for spreading the message of Islam to various parts of the world without coercion. There have been many attempts to accuse Islam of intolerance, terrorism and intimidation. Hence, this research is concerned with showing the truth about the ethics of Islam and its noble high values.  To achieve the desired goal, the research was divided into an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion.  The introduction addressed the importance of the topic and the reason for its selection. In the preface, the meaning of the word "tolerance" was shown and compared with the Quranic words used in this topic. In the first chapter, the researcher deals with the value of tolerance is the origin of Islam. It characterized the Prophet Muhammad (prayer and peace be upon him). The second chapter says tolerance is the cause of the spread of Islam, and the voluntary entry of people into it. The third chapter shows that tolerance is the root of solving problems and resolving all forms of conflict between nations, individuals, parties and groups. The researcher in conclusion suggests the most important findings and recommendations.

Common Fusion Oncogenes in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Their Role in Differential Diagnosis and Prognosis

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a complex genetic disease involving many fusion oncogenes having prognostic significance. The frequency of various fusion oncogenes can vary in different ethnic groups, with important implications for prognosis, drug selection and treatment outcome. We studied fusion oncogenes in 101 pediatric ALL patients using RT-PCR and interphase FISH, and their associations with clinical features and treatment outcome. Five most common fusion genes i.e. BCR-ABL t (22; 9), ETV6-RUNX1 (t 12; 21), MLL-AF4 (t 4; 11) TCF3-PBX1 (t 1; 19), and SIL-TAL1 (del 1p32) were found in 88.1% (89/101) patients. Frequency of BCR-ABL was 44.5% (45/101). BCR-ABL positive patients had a significantly lower survival (43.7±4.24 weeks) and higher white cell count as compared to others, except patients with MLL-AF4. The highest relapse-free survival was documented with ETV6-RUNX1 (14.2 months) followed closely by those cases in which no gene was detected (13.100). RFS with BCR-ABL, MLL-AF4, SIL-TAL1 and TCF3-PBX1 was less than 10 months (8.0, 3.6, 5.5 and 8.1 months, respectively). This is the first study from Pakistan correlating molecular markers with disease biology and treatment outcome in pediatric ALL. It revealed the highest reported frequency of BCR-ABL fusion gene in pediatric ALL, associated with poor overall survival. Present data indicated an immediate need for incorporation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of BCR-ABL+ pediatric ALL in this population and the development of facilities for stem cell transplantation.