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Modified Approaches for Randomized Response Models in Survery Sampling

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Narjis, Ghulam

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Statistics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11923/1/Ghulam%20Narjis%20%20survey%20sampling%202019%20qau%20isb%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726664267

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The social survey is one of leading mechanism to measure attitudes, behaviors and opinion soft hehumanpopulation. Oftenrespondentsprovideevasiveanswersaboutsensitive questions. A major cause of non-response and evasive answer are Social Desirability Bias (SDB). It is the idiosyncrasy created by interviewee in answering stigmatize questions unfaithfully in the desire of leaving good impression on the interviewer. Randomized Response Technique (RRT) is one of the leading method to circumvent social desirability bias in personal interview surveys. Randomized response techniques are used to collect trustworthy data, to keep the interviewee privacy, and to evade non-response rate when the asked information is sensitive (e.g., drug use, concerning racism, abortion, delinquency, AIDS, or academic cheating). Mostly, in surveysthestandardRRtechniquesareemployedthatrequireabinaryresponsetoasensitive question, to estimate the proportion of people bearing sensitive characteristics. Furthermore, RRT models allow respondents to mask their actual response by giving a scrambled response which offering them complete privacy, as the researcher is able to unscramble responses at an aggregate level but not at an individual level. In this thesis, we developed two-stage, optional and scrambled RRT models under simple random sampling. The utility of proposed RRT models are also explored in stratification, two-stage cluster sampling and stratified two-stage cluster sampling . Efficiency comparisons of proposed estimators are obtained to observe the performance of the estimators. In Chapter 2, we proposed two-stage RRT models to estimate the proportion of stigmatized attribute. In Chapter 3, we proposed optional RRT model to estimate the prevalence of stigmatized attributeandsensitivitylevel. InChapter 4, wepresent two-stageRRTmodels toestimate the mean number of persons possessing a rare sensitive attribute using the Poisson distribution. In Chapter 5, a new scrambled randomized response (SRR) model has been proposed for estimating the population mean of a sensitive variable in presence of scrambled response. In Chapter 6, new partial SRR model has been proposed for estimating the population mean of two quantitative sensitive variables simultaneously. In Chapter 7, we developed Bayes estimators of optional unrelated question RRT model.
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بے ایمانی دی سزا

پرانے وقتاں دی گل اے کہ اک پہاڑ دے دامن وچ اک شخص رہندا سی۔ اوس کول بہت ساریاں مجھاں گاواں سن۔ مجھاں گاواں سارا دن ادھر اُدھر چر دیاں۔ شام نوں تھوڑی دیر پہلاں اوہ ددھ چوندا۔ اوس وچ بہت سارا پانی ملاندا تے کول دے شہر وچ جا کے ویچ آندا۔ اوہ ہر اک گاہک نوں آکھدا کہ ددھ خالص اے۔ ددھ ویچ کے ضروریاتِ زندگی دیاں چیزاں خرید دا تے گھر واپس آ جاندا۔

گاہک اوس نوں اکثر شکایت کردے کہ ددھ بہت پتلا اے۔ ایس وچ پانی نہ ملایا کر۔ کسے وی شکایت دا اوس اتے کوئی اثر نہ ہوندا۔ سگوں آکھدا کہ ددھ وچ پانی ہونا قدرتی امر اے۔ میں پانی نہیں ملاندا نالے ددھ کیہڑا سکا ہوندا اے۔ ایس طرح ددھ ویچدے اوس نوں بہت عرصہ گزر گیا۔ ہن اوہدے کول بہت زیادہ دولت وی آ گئی سی۔ اوہ کسے نوں کجھ وی نئیں سی سمجھدا۔ دن بدن لالچ ودھدا گیا تے اوہ ددھ وچ پانی دی مقدار وچ وادھا کرداگیا۔

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Impact of ‘Open Data’ and its Effectiveness forPakistan Social Issues: Learning fromthe UK Experience

Developmental projects are essential ingredients of prosperity and well-being. Every nation has to ensure that her people are living in a perfect and safe sociopolitical environment. However, it varies from region to region and place to place. UK as a country is a big economy which is capable of giving its people the type of security they need. For this purpose, various types of strategies have been emphasized which enable the government to look for the benefit of its people. Open data system is one of these important developments which have been initiated by the UK government to provide huge access to databases. It improves their learning and knowledge, and gives the opportunity to think ‘out of box’. It also enables people to polish their learning skills and take things out of their resources and utilize them fully. Although, there is some compulsion on the use of private data sources, yet it is necessary to know that not all data are confidential. The research looks into the pros and cons of using open data systems and to assess its impacts on the social and political development in UK. The use of open data system is not only beneficial for the people to perform their daily life tasks, it is important to evade corruption and foster great accountability of national institutions. So, there remains feeble chance of witnessing corruption in the society that could cause chaos in the nation. The use of open data systems is important for boosting up innovation and creativity for a developing country like Pakistan. Open data system has been seen playing a big part in establishing a trend of innovative growth pushed by the availability of these resources. The influence and impact of ‘Open Data’ has largely been observed during the recent Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) where the government has utilized the data to tackle the disease in Pakistan.

Causes of English Teachers Turnover and its Effects on Students Learning

One of the challenging issues that educational institutions face in staffing the classes with qualified teachers is the high rate of teachers’ turnover. It creates problems in schools, which ultimately leads to substandard instruction and low student achievement (Liu & Meyer, 2005). Therefore, it is important for educational organizations such as schools, colleges and universities to increase their efforts to attract and retain skilled and committed teachers in order to enhance students’ learning and performance. This study aims at exploring the causes of English teachers’ turnover in a non-government educational organization in Kabul, Afghanistan. This research is conducted using a qualitative case study to get an in-depth understanding of the causes of teachers’ turnover and its effects on students’ learning. The results indicate that lack of teachers’ motivation, lower salary, communication gaps between management and teachers, market opportunities for English teachers, workload, absence of career path and weak recruitment processes are the main factors contributing to teachers’ turnover which sometimes results in teachers leaving the teaching profession altogether. Moreover, this study indicates interruptions in learning process, behavioural adjustment of students with new teachers, continuous exposure of students with novice teachers, and emotional interruptions as the negative effects of turnover on students’ learning. Considering the findings, this study recommends a re-adjustment of teachers’ salary and their working conditions. Moreover, creation of covenantal bond rather than contractual bond is suggested that can motivate the teachers to remain with the organization and the teaching profession. Creation of such a bond requires a transformational leader governing the system.