Pakistani Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm consisting of 204 land races belonging to different parts of Pakistan were characterized for phenological pa rameters, disease resistance against stripe rust (Yr) and Karnal bunt (KB), seed struc ture and high molecular weight glutenin subunits. Only one landrace form Dir was re sistant to KB with less than 1% bunted grains. Four landraces were found to be resistant to Yr and moderately sensitive to KB. A positive correlation was found between tillers per plants, plant height, spikelet/spike, grain/spike, TKW and grain yield. Cluster anal ysis divided landraces into seven groups on the basis of morphological similarities. Not all landraces in a cluster belonged to the same geographical origin. A high throughput analysis based on digital imaging was carried out to find the association between grain size, shape and thousand kernel weight (TKW) in Pakistani wheat landraces using PCA and multiple regression. It was revealed that grain thickness has a maximum and direct effect on grain weight. Grain weight is less effected by horizontal area of seed. A total of forty-two different allelic combinations were found for HMW-GS. Higher frequency of Null and 2+12 were observed in this germplasm. The most frequent allelic combination was 2*, 17+18, 2+12 in 25 landraces. Allelic diversity at Glu-1 revealed that Glu-BI is the most diverse locus. Quality score ranged between 4-10, with 33 land races having the highest score of 10. xviii Functional markers were applied to detect various genes related to agronomic traits, quality and disease resistance. These markers have identified a large number of these landraces to have increased height, photoperiod insensitivity, spring habit, lower TKW, lower spike number and decreased yellow pigment content. Favourable alleles associated with drought resistance were present in higher frequencies. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was also conducted to understand the genetics of complex traits in these landraces. Awn length was found to be associated with genomic regions on 3B, 1D, 3D, 6A and 7A and plant height on 1D. Highest MTAs were detected for spike length on chromosome 1A, 1B, 2B, 2D, 4B, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A and 3A. Grain per spike was found to be associated with four linked and one unlinked marker. Marker S2AL_U_919434 explained 22% of phenotypic variation and grain per spike was found to be associated with TKW.
جنہاں باغاں نوں چھڈ گئے مالی شاخاں نیں کُرمائیاں ہویاں قول نبھاون توں نہیں ہٹ دے قسماں جنھاں چائیاں ہویاں بندے رناں پچھے لگ گئے بھائیاں وچ جدائیاں ہویاں بھکھ تے دکھ نہیں چھپ دے ہر گز زردیاں منہ تے چھائیاں ہویاں جتھے حسن تے جوبن ہووے اوتھے بے وفائیاں ہویاں مولی دھانے مہنگے ہو گئے زور دیاں مہنگائیاں ہویاں حقے وی نیں گھٹ دے جاندے ایسیاں کج ادائیاں ہویاں
Before the prophecy of Prophet (S. A. W) the overall state of Arabs was so spoilt that even it was impossible for pedagogue and rectifier to show them the right path because it was not merely the matter of rectification of faith or preaching of right path neither to make them get rid of false beliefs nor to ameliorate the society. For the fulfilment of such type of rectification the preachers and guides are always there in the society and the reparation continues or carries on. The real muddle was to eliminate the arrogance and detrimental idolism which was so incessant generation to generation in the long run that the preaching and teaching of Prophet and the endeavor of guides were ineffective for them. It was the need of time to establish such type of shelter in which people of world could refuge in it. The remedy of this issue to bring into existence such type of human who was entirely different from the primitive human being. So Holy prophet (S. A. W) came as reformist. There are many golden aspects of prophet’s (S. A. W) reformation in a society, Makk life is also one of them. It is not only changed and revolutionized the whole of the human history but also changed political, social and moral scenario of world. Methodology which our Holy prophet adopted it was the first Methodology that respected and valued human wisdom along with being on right path. In this article the same view point has been discussed. The following are the main points: 1. Preacher’s conformity in words and deeds. 2. Clear mandate to set the target. 3. Perseverance to achieve the set goal. 4. The best policy for the betterment of society. 5. The key points for the leadership.
The Purpose of this study was to explore possibilities and challenges in facilitating student's conceptual understanding about chemical change, by using different teaching activities and strategies. The study was conducted in a government school in Karachi and the data was collected in 3 stages. Pre-intervention, intervention and post intervention stages. This study highlights the fact that practical work in science teaching needs a radical change. Science is frequently taught through an expository or teacher centered method so students do not understand scientific concepts well. Thus, all learning is done through rote. There is no opportunity to use practical work or creative activities. This inhibits students thinking and their development of scientific skills. Teachers are in general not aware of new strategies of science teaching. Study results show that teachers place a heavy emphasis on rote learning, with students passively following the procedure directed by the teacher. In this study when students were involved in practical work, there was a noticeable increase in student motivation, enthusiasm, and curiosity in student's attitude towards science learning. Students also felt that change had occurred in their learning environment. The teacher of focus class also observed that practical work is helpful for enhancing students understanding conceptually. It was also found that the introduction of certain process skills and discussion in science classroom provided a valuable opportunity for students to think and reflect upon their own science learning.