درد اک رنگ ہے قرار نما
اور ہے رنگ اک ہزار نما
لب ہلے اس کے اور دل میرا
کھینچتا جائے ہے شکار نما
اس ادا پہ ہیں جان و دل قربان
دشمنِ جاں ہوئے ہیں یار نما
اب خزائوں سے کیا خطر مجھ کو
اس کی اک اک ادا بہار نما
عالم اپنا ہے عالمِ دیگر
شعر میرا ہے اک ہزار نما
زندگانی سکوتِ شب ہے فضاؔ
اور سحر لائی ہے قرار نما
In the present age, a great conflict has become the source of clash between Islām and the rest of the world, especially, the western world. The world of Islām is accused of having and breeding the fanatical elements, who help promote terrorism in the world. The Western world and the media leave no opportunity to malign the name of the most peaceful religion of the world. This article illumines that Islām is a peace loving religion and does not approve terrorism. Those elements, involved in disrupting peace are not the true representative of Islām. They make a very minor portion of the Islamic world. The majority of Muslims are peace loving people and they need to be given a due coverage by the media. This research article is an attempt to present a very soft, peaceful and noble image of Islām before the world, especially, the western world. The two main sources of Islām: al-Qur’ān and the sayings of the Prophet of Islām, the prophet Muḥammadﷺ, have been quoted extensively, to prove that the religion and the meanings of the world, ‘Islām’, all reflect peace, fraternity, friendship and altruism. The Western scholars have also been quoted appropriately to support the said premise.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become the integral part of our daily life activities. These WSNs can utilize the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band to communicate the sensed data. The ISM band has been already saturated due to overlaid deployment of WSNs and other wireless technologies such as WiFi etc. To solve this problem, WSNs have been powered up by cognitive radio (CR) capability and this rise to a new type of network called as cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs). In CRSNs, the unlicensed users can utilize the unlicensed as well as licensed band opportunistically. The licensed users are called the primary radio (PR) nodes where as the opportunistic unlicensed users are called as secondary or CRSN nodes. By using CR technique, CRSN nodes can utilize the spectrum holes opportunistically avoiding the interference with PR nodes. CRSNs can be deployed for number of purposes such as dynamic spectrum access to cognitive radio nodes, opportunistic channel access, overlaid deployments of multiple concurrent networks, and communication under different spectrum regulations. The potential applications of CRSNs include indoor sensing applications, multimedia applications, multi-class heterogeneous sensing applications, and real-time surveillance applications etc. All these applications require high bandwidth for communication along with avoiding CR-PR interference. In this regard, novel techniques are required which can provide large bandwidth to CRSN nodes to support their data requirements. Channel bonding (CB) is a technique to provide wide band channel by combining multiple contiguous channels. By using channel bonding (CB) technique, CRSN nodes attempt to find and combine contiguous channels to avail larger bandwidth. In this PhD thesis, we have made several contributions. Firstly, we have provided an extensive literature review of CB schemes, made meaningful classification of CB approaches and highlighted the applications of CB in various networks. Next, we have enhanced network simulator NS-2 and proposed a framework for simulating CRSNs in NS-2. Third, we have proposed an algorithm Primary Radio Activity aware Channel Bonding algorithm (PRACB) to perform channel bonding in CRSNs. We have implemented our proposed scheme PRACB in NS-2 and compared it with three schemes sample width algorithm (SWA), cognitive radio networks over white spaces (KNOWS) and AGILE. We then evaluated the performance of PRACB in different PR activity regimes. The simulation results show that our algorithm significantly avoids CR-PR harmful interference and CB in cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) provides greater bandwidth to CRSN nodes. Next, we have proposed two remaining idle time aware channel bonding schemes RITCB and RITCB-IP, which select channels for CRSN nodes based on remaining idle time. In the end, we have performed comparison analysis of our schemes and shown that intelligent channel selection effectively improves the delivery ratio of CRSN nodes. In addition, some future research directions have also been highlighted at the end of this thesis.