Home > Molecular Characterization of Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis in Dogs at Small-Holder Dairy Farms and Their Ticks Identification With Their Gis Mapping in Three Districts of Punjab, Pakistan.
Molecular Characterization of Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis in Dogs at Small-Holder Dairy Farms and Their Ticks Identification With Their Gis Mapping in Three Districts of Punjab, Pakistan.
Canine babesiosis and canine ehrlichiosis is important tick-borne diseases of dogs that pose major health problem worldwide especially in tropics and sub-tropics. In our study, a total of 450 blood samples from farm dogs of three different ecological zones of the Punjab province of Pakistan, were examined by using microscopy and PCR. Examination of thin blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 12.8 % (58/450) of canine babesiosis. However, molecular technique revealed 46.8 % (211/450) samples positive for B. gibsoni as confirmed by the amplification of 671 bp of 18S rRNA gene of B. gibsoni while 7.3 % (33/450) samples were positive for B. vogeli as it was confirmed by the amplification of 590 bp amplicon. Similarly, 45.5 % (205/450) were found positive for E. canis through PCR as it was confirmed through the amplification of 389 bp of 16S RNA amplicon. The highest prevalence of E. canis, B. gibsoni and B. vogeli was found in district Kasur as 60 %, 56.5 % and 10.6 % followed by district Rawalpindi as 32.6 %, 42.6 % and 6.0 % and district Muzaffargarh as 44.0 %, 40.6 % and 5.3 % respectively. The prevalence of coinfection was also identified in all three districts. The highest prevalence of E. canis and B. gibsoni was found in district Kasur 78.7 % followed by district Muzaffargarh 73.3 % and district Rawalpindi 66.6 %, respectively. The highest prevalence of E. canis and B. vogeli was found in district Rawalpindi 16.6 % followed by district Kasur 14.8 % and district Muzaffargarh 10.5 %. Similarly, coinfection of B. gibsoni and B. vogeli was also detected and the highest prevalence was found in district Rawalpindi 11.1 % followed by district Muzaffargarh 10.5 % and district Kasur 3.1 %. However, the coinfection of E. canis, B. gibsoni and B. vogeli was found higher in district Kasur 6.6%, followed by district Rawalpindi 5.5 % and district Muzaffargarh 5.3 %, respectively. The alignment of nucleotide sequence of B. gibsoni showed that there was transition and polymorphism at two points (351 and 574). The alignment of E. canis showed that only one haplotype had transition at two points (339 and 342), while the alignment of B. vogeli showed great genetic variation in their alignment. There were transition and polymorphism at ten different position of B. vogeli sequence alignment. The phylogenetic analysis of B. gibsoni revealed that all of our haplotypes were making the single group with previously reported sequences from world except one haplotype that was making an alone group. Similarly, the phylogenetic analysis of E. canis revealed that all of our haplotypes were making two clades. One clade consists of 14 of our haplotype with other reported sequences, while second clade only consists of our single haplotype ECAN 3, while the phylogenetic analysis of B. vogeli showed that all of our three haplotypes were making three clades due to high genetic variability with previously reported sequences from world. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of canine babesiosis is associated with various risk factors. The prevalence of canine babesiosis is higher in central Punjab and younger age of the dogs, while breed and sex of the host were not significantly associated with the prevalence of the diseases. When we were analyzing our samples for hemoparasites of dogs, we also found Hepatozoon canis which is also one of the important tick-borne pathogens of canines and is distributed worldwide. However, very little information of this parasite is available from Pakistan. This project provides the first genetic characterization of H. canis from farm dogs of three agroecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan. A conventional PCR targeting 18S rRNA gene was used to characterize H. canis from farm dogs from three districts, including Kasur, Rawalpindi and Muzaffargarh in Punjab. Of 341 blood samples tested, 155 (45.5 %) were positive for H. canis, including 73 samples (61.3 %) from Kasur, 46 samples (42.5 %) from Rawalpindi and 36 (31.5 %) from Muzaffargarh. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 18S rRNA sequences of H. canis from this study clustered in three clades with those of H. canis from previously published studies, though with low statistical support. This study provides the first insight into H. canis from farm dogs in Pakistan as well as lays a foundation for future studies of the parasite in various agro-ecological zones to assess the impact of canine hepatozoonosis in Pakistan where the pet ownership of dogs is increasing.
پروفیسرتلک چند محروم افسوس ہے پروفیسر تلک چندمحروم بھی ستتر(۷۷) برس کی عمر میں گزشتہ مہینہ دہلی میں رہ گزاے عالمِ جاودانی ہوگئے۔ موصوف فارسی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں کے کہنہ مشق قادر الکلام اور بڑے پُر گوشاعر تھے، اُن کی فنی استعداد بھی بڑی پختہ اوراعلیٰ تھی۔انہیں غزل اور نظم دونوں پریکساں قدرت تھی، لیکن طبیعت کونظم سے زیادہ لگاؤ تھااور نظم بھی کسی ایک خاص صنف کی نہیں بلکہ ہر صنف اور ہر نوع کی۔رباعیات اورقطعات بھی کثرت سے لکھے ہیں۔نظم کے علاوہ نثر بھی شستہ ورواں اور چٹکیلی لکھتے تھے۔ پھر جتنے بڑے شاعر، ادیب اورمصنّف تھے اتنے ہی بڑے انسان بھی تھے،تقسیم کے وقت وطن سے بے وطن اور گھرسے بے گھر ہوئے اور کیسے کچھ مصائب برداشت کیے، لیکن کیامجال! انسانیت وشرافت کی پیشانی پرایک ہلکا سابل بھی پڑا ہو۔اُردو ادب کی تاریخ میں ہمیں یقین ہے پروفیسر محرومؔ کانام ہمیشہ یادگار رہے گا۔ [فروری ۱۹۶۶ء]
The death penalty is one of the core issues which have been widely discussed around the world. As capital punishment has been the part of the Islamic legal system, the Quran and hadith explicitly established the penalties in various serious crimes. A majority of the world‟s nations has abolished the death penalties from their constitutions, but most of the Islamic countries firmly believe in this system. One root cause of it is that the Holy Quran and hadith provide the justification for capital punishment. Further, several Islamic countries where Islam has the status of the state religion, allow the application of the death penalty. This work has prompted us to expose that the Islamic penal code is well-established in the legal and political systems of Islamic countries and the impact of religious traditions have an indirect impact on the implication of the death sentence. Since the death penalty is even now broadly established in Muslim countries, there is also increasing support in several of these states to abolish of the death penalty. Some secular activists have distorted the Quranic verses dealing with the death penalty to support their instance. For different reasons, they claim that political governments may use the death penalty as cover to suppress their political rivals. Our findings reveal that secular propaganda against the Islamic penal system is based on wrong assumptions and a result of Islamophobia. This research article can provide a logical discussion on the issue of capital punishment, rooted in the true spirit of the Islamic punishment system.
A connection is obtained between isometries and Noether symmetries for the area-minimizing La- grangian. It is shown that the Lie algebra of Noether symmetries for the Lagrangian minimizing an (n − 1)-area enclosing a constant n-volume in a Euclidean space is so(n) ⊕s Rn and in a space of constant curvature the Lie algebra is so(n). Here for the non-compact space this has to be taken in the sense of being cut at a fixed boundary that respects the symmetry of the space and is not a volume enclosing hypersurface otherwise. Further if the space has one section of constant cur- vature of dimension n1 , another of n2 , etc. to nk and one of zero curvature of dimension m, with n≥ k j=1 nj + m (as some of the sections may have no symmetry), then the Lie algebra of Noether symmetries is ⊕k so(nj + 1) ⊕ (so(m) ⊕s Rm ). j=1 For a subclass of the general class of linear hyperbolic systems, obtainable from complex base hy- perbolic equation, semi-invariant and joint invariants are investigate by complex and real symmetry analysis. A comparison of all the invariants derived by complex and real methods is presented here which shows that the complex procedure provides a few invariants different from those extracted by real symmetry analysis for a linear hyperbolic system. The equations for the classification of symmetries of the scalar linear elliptic equation are obtained in terms of Cotton’s invariants. New joint differential invariants of the scalar linear elliptic equations in two independent variables are derived, in terms of Cotton’s invariants by application of the infinitesimal method. Joint differential invariants of the scalar linear elliptic equation are also derived from the bases of the joint differential invariants of the scalar linear hyperbolic equation under the application of the complex linear transformation. We also find a basis of joint differential invariants for such equations by utilization of the operators of invariant differentiation. The other invariants are functions of the bases elements and their invariant derivatives. Cotton-type invariants for a subclass of a system of two linear elliptic equations, obtainable from a complex base linear elliptic equation, are derived both by splitting the corresponding complex Cotton invariants of the base complex equation and from the Laplace-type invariants of the system of linear hyperbolic equations equivalent to the system of linear elliptic equations via linear complex transformations of the independent variables. It is shown that Cotton-type invariants derived from these two approaches are identical. Furthermore, Cotton-type and joint invariants for a general system of two linear elliptic equations are also obtained from the Laplace-type and joint invariants for a system of two linear hyperbolic equations equivalent to the system of linear elliptic equations by complex changes of the independent variables.