Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) of rice is one of the major bottlenecks that impede rice production across the globe. Development of resistant rice varieties and pathogen starvation, by blocking its nutrient source, are the promising strategies to effectively combat with this disease. In one of the current studies, BLB resistant Super Basmati introgressed lines (SBILs), were both genotypically and phenotypically characterized. Genotypic characterization indicated that, in terms of different gene combinations, Xa4 and Xa21 were found in 7 SBILs, xa5 and Xa21 in 5 SBILs and all three resistance genes were introgressed in 2 SBILs only. Recovery of recurrent parent genome, by 119 polymorphic SSR markers, ranged from 90.04% to 99.7 % while it ranged from 64.76 % to 94.83 % when analyzed using 1725 polymorphic SNP markers. Pathotyping results revealed that three Xoo strains i.e. PXO99, PXO341, PXO349, and PXO349 were the most virulent against all 25 SBILs. Both genotypic and phenotypic evaluation have shown that majority of SBILs have recovered three Basmati grain quality traits i.e. aroma, grain shape and amylose in them. In susceptible rice host, Xoo transcription activator like effector (TALe) binds with effector binding element (EBE) in the promoter of OsSWEET genes. Any alteration in the target promoter sequence greatly reduces binding affinity of TALe. Therefore, in one of the present studies, 3K SNP seek database was mined, in silico, to identify rice lines that contain SNP/InDels at EBE in the promoter of OsSWEET13 and OsSWEET14. We identified two aus rice lines (Ejali and Khama1183) with 2 base pairs deletions and a single nucleotide substitution at EBE in the promoter of OsSWEET13 and OsSWEET14 respectively. Detected natural variations in Ejali and Khama1183 prevented the induction of both OsSWEET13 and OsSWEET14. An RNA sequencing based study was also conducted to unveil the alternate nutrient sources, primary/secondary metabolic pathways targeted by highly adaptable, mutated Xoo strain in the presence a major resistance gene. We identified a total of 301 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IRBB4 infected with WTPXO61 and ΔPXO61. In depth analysis of identified DEGs, using MapMan, revealed that genes specifically associated with the synthesis of Trehalose were strongly induced at early and late stages of infection. Hence, to cope up with the ever evolving pathogen, we need to further diversify and combine different resistance strategies in susceptible rice germplasm to gain broad scale, region specific, durable resistance against BLB.
Sistem Pendukung Keputusan adalah bagian dari sistem informasi berbasis komputer termasuk sistem berbasis pengetahuan atau manajemen pengetahuan yang di pakai untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan di dalam suatu organisasi atau perusahaan. Saat ini pengelolaan data penilaian karyawan perusahaan masih dilakukan dengan manual, sehingga semakin besar resiko kesalahan dalam mengelola data dan membutuhkan waktu yang relatif lama. Untuk mempermudah perhitungan penentuan kinerja karyawan terbaik maka penulis menggunakan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Metode simple additive weighting ini di pilih karena metode ini menentukan nilai bobot untuk setiap atribut, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses perangkingan yang akan menyeleksi alternatif-alternatif yang sudah di tentukan seperti etika atau kepribadian, kedisplinan, absensi, tanggung jawab, kerja sama, kemampuan memimpin, kecepatan kerja, ketelitian kerja dan kualitas hasil kerja. Dengan metode perangkingan tersebut, diharapkan penilaian akan lebih tepat karena didasarkan pada nilai kriteria dan bobot yang sudah ditentukan sehingga akan mendapatkan hasil yang lebih akurat terhadap siapa yang akan menerima reward/penghargaan tersebut.
Research and surveyed data shows that E-Governance service systems, with respect to their usability, effectiveness and participatory governance, help in improving transparency, corruption control, and good governance. In practice, the open government data, EParticipation initiatives, and their collaborative workspaces are essential ingredients of EGovernance service systems. The debate about what constitutes E-Governance success, their quantifiable and qualitative variables, their divergent socio-technical dependencies, etc. is still on-going. E-Governance has been emerged as a large-scale socio-technical and humancentered problem space. We, therefore, assert that Human-Computer Interaction’s Computer Supported Cooperative Work (HCI’s CSCW) based system modeling and it’s supporting socio-technical tools and technologies can effectively be used to design and develop EParticipatory governance systems. For this purpose, in this thesis, research gap analyses between one of the identified perceived governance indexes and some International agencies’ E-readiness survey indexes have been compared. A Gap analysis of the results highlights weak correlation between United Nation’s provided E-Participation Index and a perceived governance index by Transparency International. This weak correlation serves as a strong motivation of our work. We, therefore, propose a distinct human-centered and socio-technical design of EGovernance service system readiness assessment framework by redefining E-Participation model in the context of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). For prototype implementation and validation of this framework, some case-specific readiness assessment toolkits have also been designed for identifying case-specific readiness performance measures of E-Participation. A sample of E-Governance Service System Readiness Assessment (E-GovSSRA) index has been proposed that results in a relatively strong positive correlation with the perceived governance index. This thesis, therefore, identifies some insignificant correlations with United Nation’s and other likewise agencies’ perceived E-Governance parameters. We believe that one way to achieve a highly significant correlation if principles of HCI’s CSCW framework are applied. This thesis has successfully proven our claim through the development of our own EGovSSRA framework and index as a perceived governance index.