Respiratory tract infections are of great importance in poultry industry, causing heavy economic losses. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae are the most pathogenic organisms of the respiratory tract. Other respiratory tract infections includes both viral pathogens (Newcastle disease virus, Infectious bronchitis virus, avian influenza virus) and bacterial pathogens (Salmonella pullorum, Escherichia coli, Avibacterium paragallinarum, etc) cause disease independently and in association with each other. The study was designed to check the possible role of Mycoplasma infections in disseminating other respiratory pathogens. Further, the different diagnostic techniques including serum plate agglutination (SPA) test, cultural isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were applied are compared for their capabilities for the identification of the pathogens. Serum Plate Agglutination (SPA) test was used for serological screening test for Mycoplasma species. Samples including oral/ nasal swabs, lungs trachea and air sac swabs were collected from sero-positive and sero-negative flocks. Cultural isolation was on Frey’s Modified medium for Mycoplasma isolation, embryonated eggs for viral isolation and blood agar for other bacterial isolation. Polymerase chain reaction and Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was optimized for the molecular identification of bacterial and viral pathogens, respectively. Multiplex PCR was also optimized for the simultaneous detection of respiratory tract pathogens of both bacterial and viral pathogens including Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, Avian influenza virus and Infectious bronchitis virus using specific primers. To resolve further variation among opportunistic pathogenic species, the PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. In the present study 34 flocks showing respiratory distress were visited for serological screening of Mycoplasma involvement in respiratory distress cases. Out of 34 flocks visited 27 (79.1%) were serologically positive. Based on PCR based diagnosis, irrespective of serological status the highest involvement of bacterial pathogens recorded was MG (31.8%), followed by E. coli (20.7%), MS (7.9%) and Av. paragallinarum (5.3%). Moreover, in case viral pathogens recovery from respiratory distress cases was recorded maximum in NDV (24.9%) then IBV (4.3%) and AIV (1.5%). The multiplex PCR was efficiently optimized for the simultaneous detection of respiratory tract infections including Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, Avian influenza virus and Infectious bronchitis virus. Mycoplasma gallisepticum amplified 720bp PCR product, while Mycoplasma synoviae, yielded 270bp product. In case of viral pathogens Newcastle disease virus was identified by amplifying 320bp product, Avian influenza virus, 1050bp PCR product and Infectious bronchitis virus yielded 1720bp band. DNA sequences of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Newcastle disease virus was submitted to GenBank as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (lp- gene) strain ABSuafMG2011 partial sequence, (GenBank accession no. JN114112). For Mycoplasma synoviae (16SrRNA gene) strain ABSfsdMS2011 partial sequence, (GenBank accession no. JN638722). While for Newcastle disease virus (Fusion gene) stains ABSuafND2011 partial sequence, (GenBank accession no. JN160608) and strain ABSfsdND2011 partial sequence (GenBank accession no. JN377950) In conclusion, the incidence of respiratory tract pathogens in sero-positive flocks for Mycoplasma was found higher as compared to sero-negative flocks. The true prevalence of the Mycoplasma infections is reflected by combining PCR results with SPA test. The present study also documented the involvement of indigenous strains of MG, MS and NDV in the respiratory distress cases. Multiplex PCR was successfully optimized for the simultaneous and early detection of respiratory tract infections.
دکتورعلی نے قلوپطرہ پر گفتگو سمیٹی ہی تھی کہ دکتورہ شائمہ نے ایک اور خاتون سے ہمیں متعارف کرایا ۔انھوں نے کہا چھٹی صدی عیسویں میں ایک اور مصری خاتون نے بھی تاریخ میں اپنے آپ کو امر کیا ۔یہ کوئی جدی پشتی شہزادی نہ تھی نہ ہی کسی جنگی سپہ سالار کی بیٹی بیوی یا رشتہ دار تھی اس کا آبائی مسکن مصر تھا جہاں وہ مجرے اور رقص کے ذریعے شکم کی آگ بجھاتی تھی ۔اس من چلی اور لا ابالی لڑکی کے ذہن پر نہ جانے کیا بھوت سوار ہوا کہ مصر چھوڑ کر انطالیہ پہنچی ۔اس کا یہ سفر بری تھا یا بحری اس حوالے سے تاریخ خاموش ہے مگر یہ معلوم ہے کہ اس طویل سفر میں زادِ راہ کا اہتمام جسم فروشی کے ذریعے کرتی تھی انطالیہ میں بھی اس کو پہنچتے ہی ہاتھوں ہاتھ نہیں لیا گیانہ استقبال میں کھڑے شہریوں نے ہار پہنائے۔ ا س نے ’’طوائف گلی‘‘میں ناچنا شروع کیا تو رومی سلطنت کے امیر زادوں کو رقص اور جسم کا نیا ذائقہ چکھایا ۔ ایوانِ اقتدار میں اس کی خوبصورتی اور ادائوں کے چرچے ہوئے تو شاہی محلات تک رسائی ملی اور پھر یکم اپریل ۵۶۷عیسوی کو آیا صوفیہ نے وہ منظر بھی دیکھا کہ مصر کی حسین رقاصہ روم کے طاقتور بادشاہ جسٹینین کی بیوی بن رہی ہے اور شاہی تاج اس کے سر پر رکھا جا رہا ہے ۔تاریخ کی کتابوں میں اس مصری حسینہ کا نام تھیوڈورا ہے ۔ ملکہ بننے کے بعد اس نے اپنے شوہر کو وہ مفید مشورے دیے جس سے اس کی حکمرانی پر گرفت مضبوط ہو گئی ،فتوحات اور شہری اصلاحات کا سلسلہ شروع ہوا سڑکیں اور شاہراہیں بنیں اور تعلیم کے ادارے قائم ہوئے ۔کم عمر لڑکیوں کی جنسی عمل کے لیے خرید و...
Farmers predominantly belong to lower class of the society, particularly in developing and under developing countries. This actuality really put them on back-foot in every sphere of life, including their various agricultural activities. For instance, they always face problems to fulfil their agricultural requirement, both for crop and non crop activities, and hence, not in position to get utmost benefits from their efforts. Being citizens of a developing country, Pakistani farmers come across the identical situation. As they are Muslims, therefore, avoid securing interest based loan from the financial institutions. Islamic financial system provides an alternate to such interest based arrangement in the shape of various financing techniques. Among these, Istisnā’ (manufacturing) is the most important one which can be used effectively for the fulfilment of various agricultural requirements. However, its role is more dominant in the satisfaction of non crop agricultural activities that is for example, manufacturing of some heavy agricultural machinery and equipments, installation of tube-wells and channels for appropriate irrigation system, construction of small houses for farmers in their lands etc. The present work discusses the theoretical background of this mode, available in the scholarly work of classical and contemporary Muslim jurists’ work, followed by the description that how it can be used for financing various sectors of agriculture. Study reveals the transaction is equally viable for the development of all sectors of agriculture like local farming, fish farming, dairy farming, poultry farming, horticulture etc. The intended results can be achieved when the financial institutions apply the transaction in its true spirit and philosophies envisaged for it by Islamic commercial law, and not mere a source of earning profit.
Maize shows reduced crop stand under relatively suboptimal conditions, the main reason for this is sensitivity of bud tissue to temperature fluctuations and salinity at sowing time. The aim of these studies was to explore the physiological and biochemical occurring at seedling stage in a time course manner. The determinations were made on growth, photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of osmolytes, oxidative damage and antioxidants, secondary metabolites and nutritional quality characteristics in shoot and root of two differentially heat stress tolerant varieties of maize. Results revealed that reduction in length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and loss of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves were the explicit determinants of heat damage. The heat tolerance of maize was associated to greater accumulation of glycinebetaine followed by free proline. As evident from H 2 O 2 and MDA data, heat stress produced oxidative stress on both the varieties, although lowly in the tolerant one. Enhanced or steady state levels of niacin, ascorbic acid and riboflavin and enhanced ability of reducing powers led to the alleviation of oxidative damage on the maize plant. Among the secondary metabolites, enhanced synthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins and saponin was closely related to the heat tolerance of maize. As for nutritional quality characteristics, heat stress reduced the crude fiber, starch, oil and proteins contents and led to an overall reduction in the accumulation of nitrate, phosphate and K, and led to a hampered nutritional value and metabolizable energy in both the varieties, but tolerant maize was superior for these attributes. In short, heat tolerance in maize was associated greater photosynthetic pigments levels and better metabolic adjustment, which resulted in better nutritional quality of the vegetative parts for use as fodder for the animals. All these changes were more precise in the shoot.