قرون وسطی میں مصر سے ملتان تک قرامطہ کے سیاسی و مذہبی اثرات

With the decline of strong Muslim Khilafate various sectarian based movements proved a serious danger for the Muslim world. Qramtah movement was most famous among them. During the latter period of Abbassid Khila-fate, Qaramtah appeared very strongly. They had a strong hold in different part of Islamic state. Bahrin was their strong head quarter and then they spread all around in state especially in rural areas. They defeated a large and powerful army of Khalifa with a small army severl time. Qramtah killed a millions of innocent Muslims. They captured Makkah and disgrced “Bait Ullah” and banned Hajj for almost 20 years. They propagated their philosophy and beliefs in all over the Muslim world by force. Qramtah also established a strong government in Multan after the departure of Muhammad bin Qasim. Jalam bin Shaban was a famous Qramtian ruler of Multan In 1004 A.D. When Mehmood Ghaznavi came in Multan at that time Abul Fatih Dawud Qramti was the ruler of Multan Mehmood arrested him and destroyed the power of Qramtah in Multan. Qramtah continued serious unrest in Islamic world for four centuries. This movement effected badly the Muslim world and they have become politically weak against their political rival Christianity.    

Nerse Perceptions of Organizational Culture and its Influence on Error Reporting Evidence from Pakistan Public Healthcare Sector

Introduction Organizational culture of nurses influences nurse role delivery, nurse care-provision and the extent of patient-safety in the hospital setting. In addition, organizational culture has been associated with the culture of error reporting commitment in the hospital organization. Nurse reporting of errors at the workplace includes the reportage, by nurse, of self and coworker errors of the nature of: (1) lack of attentiveness, (2) fiduciary concern, (3) inappropriate judgment, (4) medication error, (5) intervention on patient‘s behalf, (6) mistaken doctor‘s orders and (7) documentation errors. In the developed world, hospital organizations have formal error reporting and tracking systems, with monitoring and accountability bodies to deter error reporting. Magnet hospitals and the public health sectors aggressively train and educate healthcare professionals about the ‗human element‘ in error-making and the encouragement of a non-blame culture on individuals to encourage error reporting. Despite this, high error reporting in the developed world is a concern, and experts suggest that even with error tracking systems in place, it the culture of reporting that guarantees higher reporting and patient safety. Of concern is that the developing world lags behind in absence of error reporting tracking and monitoring systems and also a favorable culture of reporting errors. Pakistan has patriarchal and male-dominated work organizational cultures. Nursing is a feminized profession with more than 95% of females comprising the nurse workforce in the country. These nurses have been found to suffer organizational cultural problems related to severe shortages and high nurse work burden, lack of autonomy and control, lack of higher education and career advancement, absence of nursing care plans in the work setting and having to face high incidents of violence. The tertiary-care public sector hospitals in urban cities like Lahore, as opposed to the private, are highly frequented by majority of the poor and illiterate populations due to ease of the access and financial concessions. However, due to the low budget allocation (less than 2% of government budget), for the health sector and socio-cultural norms, the organizational culture in such hospitals is inadequate and regressive for both female nurses and the optimal care delivery for patient safety. To the best of researcher‘s knowledge nurse organizational culture, and its association with error reporting, has not been studied in Pakistan. Most importantly, nurse organizational culture, and its associations with error reporting, have not been acknowledged as a concern for public health and employee job satisfaction. In lieu of this, the researcher intends to investigate nurse perceptions of organizational culture, and the association between nurse organizational culture and the error reporting culture in the region.