Scabies is a human skin disease due to the burrowing ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis resulting in intense itching and inflammation and manifesting as a skin allergy. Currently limited information is known about the genetic diversity of Sarcoptes scabiei mites in human and also little is known about the specific scabies molecules involved in the inflammatory and immunologic responses. Due to insufficient mite material and lack of in vitro propagation system for antigen preparation, scabies is a challenging disease to diagnose. To examine the extent of the genetic variation in the DNA sequences of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, mites were collected from scabietic patients by visiting the dermatology clinics of private and government hospitals from different localities of Pakistan. Individual mite gDNA was first amplified using ITS-2 and 16S by PCR, however, later amplicons were sequenced directly. Sequence analysis of Pakistani isolates by mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene showed greater sequence variability with 0.451M average evolutionary divergence (AED) as compared to ITS-2 sequences having a level of 0.01M AED. Moreover, results derived from Neighbor-joining tree showed that ITS-2 sequences did not show any host segregation and geographical isolation, whereas 16S indicated presence of both host adapted and geographically segregated populations of S. scabiei. These results suggested that 16S rRNA appeared to be suitable for examining genetic diversity among human mite populations as compared to ITS-2. Moreover different varieties of Sarcoptes mites belonged to different host species and geographic regions recommended a common gene pool which represented existence of a single species. For allergen characterization, full-length S. scabiei tropomyosin (Sar s 10) was cloned xxiii and expressed in pET-15b and assessed for reactivity with IgE antibodies from human sera. IgE binding was observed to Sar s 10 with sera collected from crusted and ordinary scabies, House Dust Mite (HDM) positive and naive subjects and a diagnostic sensitivity of <30% was observed. S. scabiei paramyosin (Sar s 11) was cloned and expressed in pET-28a in three overlapping fragments designated as Sspara1, Sspara2 and Sspara3. IgE and IgG binding was observed to Sspara2 and Sspara3 antigens with sera collected from crusted and ordinary scabies, and HDM positive subjects but no binding was observed with sera collected from naive subjects. Sspara 2 displayed excellent diagnostic potential with 98% sensitivity and >90% specificity observed for IgE binding and 70% sensitivity for IgG. In contrast the diagnostic efficiency of Sspara 3, was 84% for IgE binding and 40% for IgG binding. In combination Sspara 2 and Sspara3 provided an IgE sensitivity of 98%. These results demonstrate the genus-specific scabies mite epitopesare able to detect IgE reactivity with high sensitivity. The developed ELISA represents a marked improvement for the clinical diagnosis of scabies and helps direct future development of a specific diagnostic tool for scabies. Keywords: Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, rDNA ITS-2, MtDNA-16S, Tropomyosin, Paramyosin, Recombinant, IgE, Diagnosis
تاہنگ وصل دی دیس ماہی دے جانا میرا ہویا بہت ضروری اے مکھ دلبر دا تکنا ای تکنا ایہہ میری مجبوری اے ساون وانگوں برسن اکھیاں وچ اڈیکاں سوں نہ سکیاں جنھاں یار دیاں تاہنگاں رکھیاں اوہ رہندیاں وچ حضوری اے دیس ماہی دے جانا میرا ہویا بہت ضروری اے مکھ دلبر دا تکنا ای تکنا ایہہ میری مجبوری اے دل دا سودا کرے نہ کوئی کرے جو موتوں ڈرے نہ سوئی شاہ منصور دے نال جو ہوئی عشقے دی مجبوری اے دیس ماہی دے جانا میرا ہویا بہت ضروری اے مکھ دلبر دا تکنا ای تکنا ایہہ میری مجبوری اے
جس دل عشق حضوری آوے محبوباں دے دل نوں بھاوے کدھرے وی اوہ چین نہ پاوے رہندا وچ صبوری اے دیس ماہی دے جانا میرا ہویا بہت ضروری اے مکھ دلبر دا تکنا ای تکنا ایہہ میری مجبوری اے شرع شریف نوں جو اپناندے جگ وچ کوئی نہ تُل انہاندے اسیں ویں یار مدینے جاندے جے ہووے منظوری اے دیس ماہی دے جانا میرا ہویا بہت ضروری اے مکھ دلبر دا تکنا ای تکنا ایہہ میری مجبوری اے قادریؔ! توں نہ یاد بھلاویں دلبر توں نہ مکھ پرتاویں جان منگے تاں دیر نہ لاویں پھڑ چال چلن منصوری اے دیس ماہی دے جانا میرا ہویا بہت ضروری اے مکھ دلبر دا تکنا ای تکنا ایہہ میری مجبوری اے
Psychology is an interesting subject. It is necessary for understanding the basic attitude and behavior of human beings. Since human attitude and behavior that take shape in early childhood, therefore, special attention is focused on the positive upbringing of kids. In this connection, the Prophet (peace be upon him) has enlightened the Ummah regarding the fundamental psychological principles, applying which positive attitude can be cultivated and developed in kids. This research article brings those principles under discussion.
This study was conducted to consider the financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan which are listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). To examine this, 18 listed conventional banks were selected which representing the banking sector of Pakistan. Financial performance was measured by using the indicators; internal based performance was measured by return on assets (ROA), economic based performance was measured by economic value added (EVA), market based performance was measured by market value added (MVA), add shareholders value was measured by shareholder?s value added (SVA) and created shareholders value (CSV). This study was employed the multiple regression analysis of panel data (2007-2016) of 18 conventional commercial banks for capturing an impact of asset quality, operational performance, credit risk, capital adequacy ratio, GDP growth rate, discount rate and bank size on the financial performance was measured by the indicators. The study is based on secondary data which was collected from the annual reports of commercial banks. Data was investigated by descriptive statistics, diagnostic tests (multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity & autocorrelation) and panel data regression models (Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model) through STATA. The study found by using the panel regression models analysis that the ROA is constitute an important indicator for assessing financial performance. The rest of the measures EVA, MVA, SVA and CSV have not explanatory power as compared to ROA. The study recommended that the financial performance assessment of commercial banks working in Pakistan should be based mainly on ROA.