Home > Molecular Characterization of Wheat Stripe Rust Pathotypes Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici and Their Virulenc Cepattern, , Collected from Pakistan and U. S. A
Molecular Characterization of Wheat Stripe Rust Pathotypes Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici and Their Virulenc Cepattern, , Collected from Pakistan and U. S. A
Stripe rust or yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an economically important disease of wheat in Pakistan and U.S.A. Present study was carried out to evaluate the diversity of virulences in pathogen populations of both countries. Additionally molecular markers were employed to study genetic diversity of stripe rust fungus. To control the disease, wheat genetic resources were tested for resistance in Pakistan and U.S.A. to enhance cultivar improvement efforts. To observe virulence pattern of stripe rust under field conditions, trap nursery consisting of wheat stripe rust differentials, near isogenic lines and commercial varieties were planted at four locations; Pirsabak, Islamabad, Faisalabad and Sakrand in Pakistan. Results revealed that genes Yr3, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr26, YrSP and YrCV were effective under field conditions. The adult plant resistance (APR) gene Yr18 showed moderate resistance. This early warning will serve as guideline to incorporate diverse sources of resistance in future wheat cultivars. The virulence testing of 55 Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST) isolates (46 from Pakistan and 9 from United States) was carried out. Avirulence to the genes Yr5 and YrSp was common among all collected isolates from both countries. Additionally isolates collected within Pakistan showed avirulence to differential genotypes carrying gene(s) Yr10, Yr15,YrCV(Yr32) and (Yr10, YrMor). The pathogen races from United States were avirulent to genes Yr5, Yr15 and YrSP whereas exhibited lower frequency to differential genotypes containing gene(s) Yr1,Yr25, (Yr3a, YrD, YrDru), YrTye and Yr17+.Virulence profile implied that the pathogen populations from both countries have moderately common virulence pattern. Clustering based on virulence data grouped contemporary isolates together and revealed high genetic diversity among pathotypes of both countries. Molecular studies of same set of 55 isolates (46 from Pakistan and 9 from United States) were also carried out. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence tagged site (STS) markers revealed higher diversity based on Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value and Marker Index (MI). PIC and MI was higher for SSRs (0.78 and 139.51, respectively) than STS marker system (0.04 & 0.29, respectively). Dendrogram based on molecular marker data grouped together contemporary pathotypes showing their genetic similarity. Appearance of PST races from Pakistan and USA in same cluster indicated the common ancestory among pathogen population. Furthermore, lower correlation (r=0.08) between virulence and molecular diversity was observed showing independence of both trends of diversity Resistance testing of 115 wheat land races originally collected from Pakistan was carried out at seedling stage with total 7 pathotypes of the pathogen, 4 from the U.S. and 3 from Pakistan. The germplasm showed lack of all-stage resistance. Only two genotypes were resistant against all pathotypes. Adult-plants of the wheat genotypes were also tested at high-temperatures under green house and field conditions in at Pullman and Mount Vernon, Washington in the U.S. The greenhouse and field tests revealed that the majority of the wheat landraces possess high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance against stripe rust. These landraces should be useful genetic resources for the U.S. and Pakistan where climatic conditions are suitable for the expression of the durable type of resistance. Under field conditions and greenhouse studies for stripe rust resistance in Pakistan revealed that Synthetic Hexaploids have seedling resistance with few possible genes; Yr3, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, YrSP and YrCV. Whereas testing of advanced lines and Chines Cultivars showed adult plant resistance under field conditions, and majority was susceptible at seedling stage. Both type of resistance sources; seedling and adult plant durable resistance studied in wheat germplasm of Pakistan offer diverse sources of resistance and promising genetic stock for accumulating seedling and adult plant resistance to acquire durable and long lasting resistance against stripe rust pathogen.
علامہ زمخشری ؒ حیوان کا لغوی مفہوم یوں بیا ن کرتے ہیں:
"والحيوان: مصدر حي، وقياسه حييان، فقلبت الياء الثانية واوا، كما قالوا: حيوة، في اسم رجل، وبه سمى ما فيه حياة: حيوانا"[2]
حیوان حَیَّ کا مصدر ہے اس کی اصل "حییان" ہے لیکن یا ء ثانی کو واؤ سے بدل دیا گیا ہے۔ جیساکہ عرب میں بعض لوگوں کا نام "حیوۃ" تھا۔ انہی معنی کے اعتبار سے ہر اس چیز کو جس میں حیات ہو حیوان کہتے ہیں۔
علامہ الجاحظ ؒ رقمطراز ہیں:
"أحيا من الحيوان؛ إذ كان الحيوان إنّما يحيا بإحيائها له"[3]
قرآن مجید میں حیوان کا لفظ زندگی کے معنوں میں استعمال ہوا ہے۔ قدیم عرب کے کئی قبیلوں کے نام حیوانات کے نام پر تھے جیسے اسد (شیر) ، قریش (آدم خور مچھلی) وغیرہ۔ مرنے والوں روحوں کو پرندے کی شکل میں پیش کیاجاتا تھ جو عرصے تک قبر کے ارد گرد اڑتا رہتا تھا۔ بعض حیوانات کو خاص دیوتاؤں سے منسوب کرکے ان کے گلوں میں قلاوہ ڈال کر ان کو حرام قرار دے دیا جاتا تھا۔ قرآن مجید ان قدیم باطل عقائد کی مذمت کی گئی ہے۔ [4]
اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ میں حیوان کےمعانی بیا ن کیے گئے ہیں:
"لفظ حیوان کے سب سے زیادہ عام معنے، خواہ اسے صیغہ واحد میں استعمال کیا جائے یا صیغہء جمع میں، با لعموم ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ جانور ہیں بشمول انسان، جسے صیح تر الفاظ میں الحیوان الناطق کہا جاتا ہے"[5]
‘Right to Privacy’ or the’ Privacy of an individual’ is considered as the most important and the most basic of all the fundamental rights and liberties. It is the concern of all legal systems, civilizations, cultures and religions. In the modern Western and legal perspectives, the right to privacy has emerged from the concept of right to life, which is considered as the basic right from which all the other rights are derived. Islam, on the other hand, considers as an independent and separate human right. The present study is an attempt to briefly reflect and accumulate all the aspects and dimensions of the Privacy right in Islam. It is mainly concerned with the privacy of one’s home, confidential correspondence investigating someone’s financial, private and family affairs, and other such violations, Its punishment prescribed by Islam and its implications on an human society, arising out of doubts, suspicions, accusations and mistrust, in the teachings of Quran and Sunnah of the Messenger ﷺ in particular and of the Islamic jurists in general.
A chemical library of N, N''-Disubstituted thioureas have been derived from substituted aromatic carboxylic acids and two types of combinatorial strategies have been employed for the construction of chemical library. For high throughput screening of components of the chemical library, solution-phase pool syntheses have been exercised, where each pool consists of four components. All the members of chemical library have also been synthesized by using a parallel mode of solution-phase combinatorial synthesis for the purpose of lead screening/identification, testing, characterization and for assembling of Cu(I), Cu(II) & Pd(II) metal complexes. Copper(I) (1A-19A, 1B-19B, 1C-19C& 1F) and palladium(II) [(1E-14E)] complexes of N, N''-disubstituted thioureas have only been synthesized with some selected thioureas from sub-library-1 and Cu(II) complexes (1D-6D) with isoureas (1-6), prepared from the thioureas derived from benzoic acid. All the thioureas (1a-40a, 1b-40b, 1c-40c, 1d-40d, 1e-40e, 1f-40f & 1g-40g) and complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, 1 H & 13 C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single crystal XRD. The stability of the Cu(I) complexes in the test medium has been confirmed by cyclic voltammetric studies. The products of pool syntheses (pools 1-40) have been characterized by mass spectrometry and GC-MS (gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer) techniques. In all the Cu(I) and Pd(II) complexes, neutral N, N′-disubstituted thiourea ligands have been coordinated to the metal atom through the sulphur atom in a terminal mode except (1F), where the deprotonation of NH group of the thiourea ligand has facilitated the bonding of copper atom through N and S. The isoureas (1-6) show bidentate behavior in Cu(II) complexes having square planar geometry (1D-6D). The thioureas have also been examined for their fungicidal properties and these show significant activity against various fungi strains and low phytotoxicity for the representative monocot plant species. The complexes have been screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity in human cell lines carcinomas A498 (renal), EVSA-T (breast), H226 (lung), IGROV (ovarian), M19 (melanoma-skin), MCF-7 (breast) and WIDR (colon). They show a moderate cytotoxicity against these seven human cancer cell lines in comparison to that of the less active standard chemotherapeutic drugs. Biological screening of the synthesized thioureas and their metal complexes for various targets is in progress.