Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has a major role in morbidity and mortality of children as well as of the elder population worldwide. Pneumococcus causes pneumonia, otitis media in addition to invasive diseases such as bacteremia and meningitis, which are collectively called pneumococcal diseases or infections. Pakistan, a country located in South Asia, is the third largest contributor in pneumococcal infections, specially ‘pneumonia’ in the world (IVAC/PATH Pneumonia and Diarrhea Progress Reports 2013-2017), it makes an ideal scenario to begin with preliminary exploring of pneumococcus characterization. Above in view, first part of the present study was designed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of the pneumococcal isolates. Further studies were undertaken for pneumococcal surface protein A gene (pspA) family/clade distribution, in-silico determination of its antigenic sites, their fusion, cloning and recombinant pilot expression study in E. coli. Thirty-eight pneumococcal strains from patients with pneumococcal disease (PD) were collected from a local hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that all strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and linezolid, while 80% were resistant to gentamycin. Serotype distribution revealed that 19F was the most prevalent serotype (23.6%), while ∼80% of the strains carried pspA gene belonging to PspA family 2 and clade 3. The in-silico determined PspA fusion protein was found antigenic in the immunoblotting assay. Recent epidemiological studies reveal that biofilm support and develop most human chronic infections. Keeping this, the second part of the thesis is focused on the characteristics of pneumococcal biofilm, grown on the biotic and abiotic substrate. Antibiotic susceptibility (erythromycin, 2μg/mL) and growth pattern of pneumococcal biofilm grown on biotic (Detroit-562 cells) and abiotic substrate (Thermonox coverslips) were evaluated. Results indicated that pneumococcal biofilm grown on immobilized biotic substrate challenge erythromycin more significantly than abiotic substrate. The similar results were obtained when the study was done using a bioreactor model, more xii than ∼90% increase in biofilm formation was noted when biotic substrate was provided for growth as compared to the abiotic substrate. The epithelial cells as well as the intercellular tight junction play an important role and are involved in the control of paracellular permeability. The S. pneumoniae colonize with epithelial cell layer, disrupted epithelial cells as well as tight junction, and translocate to other body parts, that promotes the development of pneumococcal invasive diseases. The third part of the study is concentrated on the analysis of invasive property of pneumococcus, using Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER). In this study, two different types of epithelial cells, Detroit 562 cells (pharyngeal cells) and Calu-3 cells (lung cells) were used; substantial decline in TEER was observed in the pneumococcal infected epithelial cells. Our study presented that pneumococcus invades the epithelial cells and causes damage to epithelial cell barrier with cytopathic effects. It was also observed that the invasion of pneumococcus is independent of its biofilm mass density. Previous research findings have shown an adverse association between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus, present in nasopharyngeal carriage. But these epidemiological observations have no conclusive findings. The fourth part of the study was designed to demonstrate, how S. pneumoniae opposes and eradicate S. aureus. We have confirmed in this study that TIGR4, rapidly eradicated, preformed S. aureus biofilm, including biofilm produced by MRSA strain ‘USA300’. The eradication requires physical contact between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. The requirement of physical contact was confirmed through confocal microscopy, colocalization experiments, and experiments utilizing a transwell system to separate the two bacterial species. The physical contact-mediated eradication was found very efficient as it completely eradicated a viable lawn of S. aureus biofilm with in 2 hours.
آکھیا جاندا اے کہ کسے پنڈ وچ دو بندے رہندے سن۔ دونویں اکو محلے وچ رہندے سن۔ اکو سکول وچ پڑھدے سن تے آپس وچ دوست وی سن، پر عادتاں دونواں دیاں اک دوسرے توں الٹ سن۔ جس پاروں اک نوں تے لوک پسند کردے سن تے دوجے نوں برا آکھ کے نفرت کردے سن۔ اک دا ناں عامر سی۔ بہت ای نیک، محنتی تے فرماں بردار سی۔ اوس کدے اپنے ماں پیو نوں تنگ نئیں سی کیتا۔ پڑھائی وچ بہت تیز، اخلاق دا چنگا تے ماں باپ دی ہر گل مندا سی۔ پڑھائی وچ چنگا ہوون پاروں سارے استاد اوس نال پیار کردے سن۔ سارے دوست اوس توں خوش تے اوہدی تعریف کردے سن۔ ایس لئی کہ اوہ دوستاں دا خیال رکھدا تے پڑھائی وچ اوہناں دی مدد کردا رہندا۔
جدوں کہ جبار بہت زیادہ لاپرواہ سی، ہر ویلے شرارتاں کردے رہنا تے الٹے سدھے کم کرنے۔ سکول وچ سب توں زیادہ نالائق۔ جس وجہ توں استاد اوس نوں پیار نئیں سی کردے تے نہ کوئی اوہدا جماعتی اوہنوں دوست بناندا۔ سارے محلے والے اوہدیاں شرارتاں توں تنگ سی۔ گلی چوں لنگھدے ہویاں جانوراں نوں چھیڑنا، بزرگاں نال بدتمیزی نال بولنا، بالاں کولوں چیز کھو کے کھا لینا، اوس دی عادت سی، اوہ اپنے والدین دی عزت نئیں سی کردا تے نہ ای اوہنوں کسے دی عزت دا خیال سی۔ اوس دے سکول والے تے والدین اوس کولوں بہت تنگ سی۔ اوہ اکثر سکول نہ جاندا تے آوارہ منڈیاں نال آوارہ گردی کر دا رہندا۔ سکول دے کیفے اتے بہہ کے سگریٹ پیندا تے اک دوجے نوں مذاق کردا، ہر استاد نال بدتمیزی نال بولدا تے کدے کدے کلاس روم دے باہر کھڑا ہو کے اپنی حاضری بولدا تے اوتھوں نسدے ہوئے اپنے آوارہ دوستاں کول آ...
Feminism is named as the demand for equality between men and women; however, it is not easily acceptable for the so-called super-gender called men, in any patriarchal society. It is not only a phenomenon but also a chapter of life that varies day by day, though is accepted by many communities, but difficult to adopt or accept in a patriarchal society as in Pakistan. There are many factors behind acceptance or rejection, which is debatable. Either the economy, politics, society, religion, or education is the aspect to enrol it in life. This article is the demonstration of factors, which is responsible for bridging the gap between academic feminism: which is being read to the generation, excluding the reality of the physique of gender, and the activism in feminism, which is being practised with social norms. This debate would be qualitative in nature. Though it concluded that Feminism in the society of Pakistan is not digestible for men members, however, the accelerator for equality or, even equity is slow but consistent and some of the changes are happening gradually.
The ERP solutions contribute in making financial performance of companies in a long term period. The
demands of such systems are mostly raised by manufacturing companies in our country. The top management
support, implementation team support and end user training & support during implementation of ERP systems
directly and indirectly effect returns of investments of the companies. Initially success of ERP solutions is
dependent upon these three factors. The management, team and users focus on profitability of the company.
In this study the accounts & finance departments of production companies of Faisalabad are selected where
ERP systems have been implemented. The sample size constitute on three hundred respondents that are
selected from accounts & finance offices of companies. The gross profits, net profits, equity capital, and all other
expenditures & revenues are managed in database of ERP finance module. Our results show that ERP finance
module positively associated with ROI of company. The top management support, ERP implementation team
support and user support & training positively contribute in success of ERP systems and positively affect ROI
of company. Firstly the top management is more conscious to increase the profitability of company by focusing
on suitable ERP packages. For this purpose performance and support of ERP implementation teams is required
but these teams concentrate less on ROI of the companies. The ERP system users efficiently control financial
data on databases if sufficient training provide to them. The end users highly concentrate on profitability of the
companies.