اسلامی ریاست میں قومی قیادت کے اصول

To serve humanity and nation leadership is a noble and glorious position. Sensible, talented, honest and true leadership not only works honestly with dedication and commitment in solving internal and external challenges, but also plays a key role in the development of peace and prosperity in society. Due to the lack of spirit and training of the people, especially of the younger generation, these incompetent leaders succeed in befooling many people and it transferred from generation to generation, in order to change this scenario, education and training of the young generation is urgently needed. True spirit of leadershipcan be promoted by creating sincerity, awareness in students in the light of Islamic teachings. This article focuses on the Islamic attributes of leadership through which a person can have opportunities to transform social system by bringing reforms and development in social system to perform the duties by guiding and governing people with the noble aim to serve humanity according to modern requirements in the light of the teachings of holy Prophet.

Catalytic Studies of Butadiene/Ethylene Polymerization

In present study, the polymerization of butadiene and ethylene were carried out using heterogeneous monometallic, bi-and tri-metallic catalysts. Five types of catalysts, nickel, cobalt monometallic, Ni-Co bi-metallic, and Ni-Co-Pd, Ni-Co-Pt tri-metallic were synthesized by using sol-gel, impregnation and hydrometallurgical methods. The synthesized nano composites were subjected to calcinations at 200, 400, 600 and 900 oC, to study their effects on catalyst morphology, activity and product selectivity. These were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), helium adsorption Brunaur, Emmett and Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR Spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies. The synthesized catalysts were tested for the polymerization of butadiene and ethylene in ethanol, n-hexane and toluene solvents at various temperature and pressure conditions in Parr reactor. The products obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR, 1H and 13 C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Static laser light scattering (SLLS) and Mass spectrometric analysis (MS). The results showed that in ethanol solvent at 130 °C and 1.0 barr pressure, the product obtained consists of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds and polybutadiene terminated by -OH group. The selectivity of product was obtained in n-hexane and toluene solvent. In order to synthesize hydroxyl group terminated polybutadiene HTPB, the termination of polybutadiene was carried out by acidic solution of ethanol or hydrogen peroxide, whereas the termination of polyethylene was carried out by the acidic solution of ethanol. The significant product was achieved with the catalyst prepared by hydrometallurgical method as compared to other techniques. The best results were achieved with the Ni-Co- Pt catalyst calcined at 900 oC with molecular weight average of 12414 and a polydispersity Mw/Mn value of 1.404 under controlled conditions of temperature 130 oC and pressure 1.0 barr. The microstructure distribution of polybutadiene was studied by carrying out catalytic activity test at different temperature and pressure conditions. 100% stereoregular product of cis-1,4 polybutadiene have been achieved at low temperature 30 oC and pressure 0.5 barr with the catalyst Ni-Co calcined at 900 oC.