The Chickpea chlorotic dwarf viruses (CpCDV) are members of the proposed genus Mastrevirus of the family Geminiviridae. They are single-stranded DNA viruses transmitted by the leafhopper Orosius albicinctus Distant. This virus is notorious to cause chickpea stunt disease in chickpea. Chickpea is the major developed host of CpCDV. It is a winter/spring season trim, though cotton is developed amid the mid-year months with little, assuming any, cover between the two. In the field, the infection has just been distinguished in chickpea, lentil, sugar and beans. Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a serious disorder of several plant species that belong to the family Malvaceae, the most important of which is cotton. CLCuD is caused by infections caused by viruses belong to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. which is the absolute most critical biotic requirement to cotton creation crosswise over Pakistan and northwestern India. A distinctive strain of CpCDV recognized in cotton plants, co-infected with Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV). Co-infection is additionally an essential for recombination happening amongst infections, and the accessible confirmation proposes that the present ordered structure of the family Geminiviridae has come about because of intergeneric recombination. Geminiviruses are transmitted in a circulative persisted and non-propagative manner and do not replicate in their insect vector. The capsids of all the whitefly transmitted geminivirus have at least one antigenic epitopes in like manner, and it has been proposed that those might be determinants of vector specificity, which would demonstrate that the coat protein (CP) assumes a prime part in infection transmission. Very few experiments have been performed so far to study the co-infection of a begomovirus together with a dicot infecting mastrevirus (CpCDV), infecting the same host plants i.e., Xanthium strumarium L. (weed), cotton and squash (dicot plants). In the coinfection of mastrevirus with begomovirus, mastrevirus not only expanded its host range but also has amplified individually from host plant. However, at that time it was still unclear whether the leafhopper transmits the CpCDV to new host plant or the whitefly did this job due to transencapsidation. Hence to explore this aforementioned aspect this study was designed to replace CP gene of CpCDV (Genus: Mastrevirus, xv Family: Geminiviridae) with the CP gene of Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV; Genus: Begomovirus, Family: Geminiviridae). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of whole genome of CpCDV (except CP region by using primers in opposite orientation) and CP gene of CLCuBuV was done. Ligate these two PCR amplified fragments in order to construct mastrebegomo chimeric virus. Infectivity assay was done by agroinfiltration of infectious clones of CpCDV, CLCuBuV+Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMβ) and mastrebegomo chimeric virus into tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The entire infectious clones alone and in combination were successfully transmitted and replicated inside the host plants and produce characteristics symptoms in tobacco and tomato leaves. However the plants infected with combination of CpCDV and CLCuBuV+ CLCuMβ showed more severe symptoms than others. Virus acquisition and transmission experiments were done using screen cages in an insectary. For this purpose aviruliferous whiteflies were used which first acquired the viruses during 48-72 hours from the agroinfiltered plants and then liberated to healthy tobacco and tomato plants for transmission for the period of one month. It was evident from the results that the B. tabaci unable to acquire and transmit CpCDV and mastrebegomo chimeric virus and the plants showed no symptoms of infection. Although whitefly successfully acquired and transmitted the begomovirus whose presence later confirmed by DNA extraction from whiteflies and symptomatic plants followed by PCR amplification of CP gene and full length genome of viruses for authentication of results. So it has been confirmed that whiteflies are not responsible for transmission of CpCDV and mastrebegomo chimeric virus from diseased plants to healthy one. Full-length sequences of dicot infecting mastreviruses and monocot infecting mastreviruses were obtained from GenBank and their sequence names were cross verified according to the new International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Master Species List 2016v1.3. For phylogenetic investigation, groupings were first adjusted in MEGA6 programming utilizing MUSCLE. For deciding the percent nucleotide identity, viral sequences were adjusted by MUSCLE in the sequence demarcation tool (SDT) program. The Recombination detection program (RDP-4) was utilized to recognize likely parents and the degree of recombination in dicot and xvi monocot contaminating mastreviruses. The interaction of CP of mastrebegomo chimeric virus protein with whitefly inhabiting endosymbiotic GroEL protein was determined by using several proteomics tools. The three dimentional models of both proteins were designed by using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (ITASSER) server and their stereochemical properties were determined by drawing ramachandaran plots. Physiochemical properties and hydropathy plot of mastrebegomo chimeric virus protein and GroEL protein was determined by using ProtScale while ProptParam tool was used to calculate the several chemical and physical parameters of the both proteins. Finally The Z-DOCK server was used which is well-known for protein-protein docking that runs top 10 predicates in the form of protein data bank (PDB) files. More or less it can be inferred that substitution of CP gene may expand our comprehension about the range and circulation of mastreviruses crosswise over world and will give the important data with respect to their control. Co-infection open ways to discover the potential variables, which made the mastreviruses to advance from monocotyledonous plants to dicotyledonous and their capacity to cause infection in non-host plants, along these lines extending its host run with the progression of time.
فصل دوم : حدود قوانین کے عدم نفاذ کی وجوہات پاکستان میں اسلامی قوانین کی عملی تنفیذ کا اگر جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات سامنے آتی ہے کہ اس حوالے سے سب سے زیا دہ کوششیں محمد ضیاء الحق کے دور میں ہوئی ہیں ۔ اس گیارہ سالہ دور اقتدار میں اسلامی قانون سازی کے لیے کئی اقدامات کیے گئے ۔ ضیاء الحق کا سیاسی کردار اور قانون سازی کے سلسلے میں کیے گئے اقدامات کے اسباب ومحرکات اپنی جگہ، لیکن یہ کہے بغیر نہیں رہا جا سکتا کہ انہوں نے فی الواقع اسلامی قوانین کے لیے جو اقدامات کیے ان کے مثبت نتائج برآمد ہوئے ہیں ، تاہم اس حوالے سے مختلف آراء پائی جاتی ہیں ۔ افرط و تفریط سے بچتے ہوئے اگر غیر جانبداری اور معروضیت سے جائزہ لیا جائے تو قانون سازی کے سلسلے میں ان کے قابل قدر اقدامات کے باوجود معاشرے پر نمایاں اثرات نظر نہیں آئے ۔ اس کی مندرجہ ذیل چندوجوہات ہو سکتی ہیں: الف) ضیاء الحق قوانین کو اسلامیانے کےپروگرام کے حق میں عوام کو فعال طریقے سے متحرک نہ کر سکے ۔ اس کی کئی وجوہات ہو سکتی ہیں ، جن میں سے ایک وجہ یہ ہےکہ ان کا تعلق فوج سے تھا اور وہ عوامی مینڈیٹ لے کر نہیں آئے تھے، نہ انہوں نے سیاسی جماعت بنانے یا کسی سیاسی جماعت کو اپنانے یا عوام سے براہ راست رابطہ قائم کرنے کی کو شش کی ۔ ایک ریفرنڈم انہوں نے اس مقصد کے لیے ضرور کرایا لیکن وہ اتنا مصنو عی تھا کہ وہ اپنا وزن منوانہ سکا ۔ ب)انہیں فعال اور مؤثر دینی عناصر کی حمایت بھی حا صل نہ تھی ۔ اس کی متعدد وجوہ ہوسکتی ہیں لیکن یہ بھی ایک حقیقت ہے کہ اس ملک میں دینی حوالے سے کوئی کام...
The research investigates the agglomeration pattern of seven national, international oil and gas extraction and production companies through an exploration of oil and gas cluster components and subcomponents. For this exploratory study, data is collected through primary sources via in-depth interviews from managers of national and international oil and gas MNCs working in Sindh, Pakistan and through secondary sources of business reports. The content analysis is adopted to analyze the data. Results of this study reveal that there is strong existence of exploration and production companies which results in agglomeration, however, other components of oil and gas cluster like refineries, marketing companies, supporting institutes, media and government poorly exist in Sindh province of Pakistan. Findings also highlight that the Sindh as a resource-rich region is still underdeveloped due to poor management of resources or because of the absence of ideal oil and gas cluster components and coordination among them in the region.
Drought is a basic reason of low grain yield in many field crops including maize (Zea mays L.). Identifying growth stages of any promising cultivar for irrigation scheduling under local climate and soil fertility can maximize yield. Potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD) approach (a difference between potential evapotranspiration and rainfall plus irrigation) describes the response of canopy growth to water shortage. To examine the productivity of different autumn-sown maize hybrids under irrigation scheduling at different growth stages and PSMD levels, a field study was conducted with split plot arrangement at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan) during 2009 and 2010. The treatments consisted of two maize hybrids (Monsanto-919 and Pioneer-30Y87) and seven irrigation levels: I 1 = no irrigation (control), I 2 = 4 irrigations, I 3 = 6 irrigations, I 4 = 8 irrigations, I 5 = 10 irrigations (1 st irrigation starting at 6 leaf stage, followed by subsequent irrigations at an interval of 4 leaf stages in all irrigation treatments and addition of two reproductive stages in I 3 , I 4 and I 5 successively), I 6 = irrigation at 25 mm PSMD and I 7 = irrigation at 50 mm PSMD. The results showed that Pioneer-30Y87 produced more plant height but the two hybrids did not differ significantly in other growth and yield parameters. Among all irrigation treatments, 6 and 8 irrigation treatments were statistically at par with treatments of 10 irrigations and irrigation at 25 mm PSMD in radiation use efficiency, water use efficiency, 500-grain weight, grain yield and TDM production. So more number of irrigations is not a criterion for getting maximum yield in all maize hybrids. PSMD can be used as a useful criterion for scheduling irrigation under irrigated conditions of Pakistan. CSM-CERES-Maize model was used to simulate the growth, development and yield of maize under different irrigation regimes. The correct definition of soil drained upper (SLL) and lower limits (SDUL) played vital role in simulation by the model during dry season of 2009 and wet season of 2010. During model calibration, simulated total dry matter, maturity yield and maximum LAI were within 10 % of the observed values. During model evaluation, there was generally satisfactory agreement between all observed and simulated values of the two hybrids. Mean-Gini Dominance (MGD) analysis confirmed the observed information through 30 years climate data analysis that I 3 and I 4 were the best irrigation levels. So CSM- CERES-Maize can be used to simulate maize growth and yield at different irrigation regimes under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan.