This thesis presents the lacking information on genetic susceptibility of Pakistani population to human prion disease variants and of local domesticated bovids to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). In study 1, a total of 909 unrelated individuals including 221 hemophiliacs representing all 4 major provinces of Pakistan were screened for M129V polymorphism and insertions or deletions of octapeptide repeats (OPRIs/OPRDs) using Polymerase Chain Reaction coupled with Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Concordance of the results of some PCR-RFLP reactions was also confirmed by dideoxy automated Sanger sequencing. The frequencies of M129V alleles (129M and 129V) and genotypes (129MM, 129MV and 129VV) were found in all 909 individuals to be 0.7101, 0.2899, 0.5270, 0.3663 and 0.1067, respectively. Deletion of 1 octapeptide repeat (1-OPRD) was detected in heterozygous state in PRNP of 10 individuals and in homozygous state in 1 individual. An insertion of 3 octapeptide repeats (3-OPRI) was found in 1 individual and an insertion of 1 octapeptide repeat (1-OPRI) in two individuals. Both 3-OPRI and 1-OPRI were present in heterozygous state and were linked to 129M allele. There were no significant χ2 differences between M129V allelic and genotypic frequencies of healthy individuals and hemophiliacs. However, M129V allelic and genotypic frequencies differed significantly between Pakistani population and East Asian and Western populations. Non-significant χ2 differences between M129V frequencies of healthy individuals and hemophiliacs suggest that individuals manifesting single gene disorders may provide naturally randomized samples for studies aiming at surveying the genetic variation. The combined excess of 129MM and 129VV homozygosity and the presence of 3-OPRI in 1 individual imply that Pakistani population may be susceptible to prion disorders. In study 2, a total of 236 cattle from 7 breeds and 281 buffaloes from 5 breeds were screened for E211K polymorphism and 23 bp and 12 bp indels employing triplex PCR. The E211K polymorphism was not detected in any of the animals studied. The 23 bp insertion allele was underrepresented in studied cattle breeds while the 12 bp insertion allele was overrepresented. Both 23 bp and 12 bp insertion alleles were overrepresented in studied buffalo breeds. Almost 90% of alleles were insertion alleles across all studied buffalo breeds. The average frequency of 23 bp and 12 bp insertion alleles across all studied cattle breeds was found to be 0.1822 and 0.9407, respectively. There were significant differences between Pakistani and worldwide cattle in terms of allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of 23 bp and 12 bp indels. The higher observed frequency of 12 bp insertion allele suggests that Pakistani cattle are relatively more resistant to classical BSE than European cattle.
سید حسین دوسرا بڑا حادثہ مسٹر سیدحسین کی وفات ہے، مرحوم ہندوستان کی تحریک آزادی کے دور اول کی یادگار، انگریزی زبان کے بہترین خطیب و انشا پرداز اور نامور صحافی تھے، عرصہ تک الہ آباد کے مشہور پرانے اخبار انڈیپنڈنٹ کے اڈیٹر رہے، پھر وفد خلافت میں لندن گئے اور غالباً وہیں سے امریکہ چلے گئے اور پچیس تیس سال تک وہاں اپنے قلم و زبان سے ہندوستان کی خدمت کرتے رہے اور امریکہ کے سیاسی اور صحافتی حلقوں میں بڑا نام پیدا کیا، ہندوستان کی آزادی کے بعد وطن واپس آئے اور نومبر ۱۹۴۷ء میں حکومت ہند کی جانب سے مصر کے سفیر بناکر بھیجے گئے، اور وہیں گذشتہ فروری میں انتقال کیا، آئندہ مسلمانوں میں ایسے صاحب کمال مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گے، اﷲ تعالیٰ مرحوم کی مغفرت فرمائے، ان کی وفات پر ہندوستان کے اکابر کی خاموشی حیرت انگیز ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۴۹ء)
سیّد حسین کی موت ۲۵؍ فروری ۱۹۴۹ء کی رات کو ۹ بجے ریڈیو نے خبر سنائی کہ ہندوستانی سفیر متعین مصر سید حسین نے وفات پائی، دوسرے دن شاہانہ تزک و احتشام سے سرکاری طور سے ان کی تدفین عمل میں آئی، جنازہ میں شاہ فاروق نے شرکت کی اور بعض علمائے ازہر نے ان کی نماز جنازہ پڑھائی۔ شاید لوگوں کو یاد ہوکہ ۱۹۲۰ء میں ہندوستان سے مجلس خلافت کا جو وفد یورپ بھیجا گیا تھا، اس کے ابتدائی ممبر تین تھے، محمد علی مرحوم، سید حسین اور سید سلیمان ندوی اور اس کے بعد شیخ مشیر حسین قدوائی اور ابوالقاسم (بنگال کے نامور لیڈر) بھی شامل ہوگئے، افسوس کے اس وقت راقم کے سوا سب ہی جنت کو سدھارے، اس وفد کے سکریٹری حسین محمد حیات صاحب تھے، جو بحمداﷲ اس وقت بھی بقید حیات ہیں اور یہیں بھوپال میں اعلیٰ حضرت فرمانروائے بھوپال...
This paper discusses the Islamic jurisprudence as well as the scientific stance regarding breast feeding. Breast feeding is a natural gift for a new born baby, which not only nourishes the infant but also provides great immunity to him. The new scientific research has clarified its importance by calling it the most essential element giving natural immunity that keeps a child healthy and free of diseases. Many developed countries have started “Human Milk Banks” as we have blood banks here. The Human Milk banks provide milk which is like natural food to deprived infants. By taking the milk from “Milk Banks” it creates serious moral and religious problems in the context of motherhood and family relations. This can even cause problems like declaring “Hurmat-e-Nikᾱḥ”. In this paper such issues are elaborated in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence.
The purpose and the first focus of the study was to examine whether questioning and role play are viable and potentially productive teaching strategies in developing students’ critical thinking at upper primary level in Pakistan. The second research focus was to explore the effect of intervention on attitudes of students. The study was conducted in two classrooms of one Public school over one term in the academic year 2014. In relation with first research focus, design based research was used as key methodology over two cases studies.Evidence was collected in a usual classroom context in the form of observation (audio video recordings), questionnaires, and field notes. The purpose was to collect data in the classroom that was as natural as possible. The first research focus was evaluated through the indirect evidence of its effects on critical thinking. The first of these were considered the extent to which students were displaying either in weak or moderate or strong critical thinking. The analysis was corroborated by questionnaire results and class room discourse. Paul''s intellectual standards were used for teaching and as an analytical tool in examining change in student''s critical thinking.The findings of the study showed that the level of critical thinking of students was changed from weak to strong in the end of the intervention that presents the success of the intervention. In relation with second focus of the study, change of students’ attitude was measured by mean score through pre- and post- critical thinking questionnaires based on Paul''s intellectual trait model. The significant change in critical thinking attitude was an evidence of the productivity of the intervention. The researcher suggests that questioning and role play as productive teaching strategies may be practiced by the elementary teachers to have greater participation in class and increase of the level of students’ critical thinking.