Since maize is primary food stuff for humans and livestock, its amino acid balance is important for proper nutrition. Methionine, an essential amino acid and a primary source of sulfur, is lacking in maize endosperm. Several maize populations were developed through breeding with enhanced methionine content compared with normal maize populations. BS31HM (high methionine) and BS31LM (low methionine) maize were among such populations created by the selection from the highest or lowest methionine content population from original BS31 maize. Candidate gene approach was adopted to determine the difference between the two populations at of transcript level of the selected genes in the endosperm. The selected genes i.e. 15-kDa β-zein, 16-kDa γ-zein, 19-kDa α- zeinB1, 27-kDa γ-zein, 22-kDa α-zein and 18-kDa δ-zein were responsible for coding of endosperm storage proteins when analyzed through real time RT-PCR. Similarly, expression level relative to the high population (2-ΔΔct) values were also calculated for BS31HM and BS31LM respectively. The p-values were determined by student’s t-test at confidence level of 95%. The expression of 18-kDa δ-gene, 15-kDa β-gene and 16-kDa γ- gene were found to be significant (p<0.05) in high methionine maize population when compared with low methionine maize population. Non significant (p>0.05) differences in the expression level of 27-kDa γ-gene, 22-kDa α-gene and 19-kDa α-gene were observed in both (HM) and (LM) maize populations. From these results it can be concluded that all zein genes did not show expression equally in high methionine and low methionine maize populations. For selection of high and low methionine or other limiting amino acid levels in maize and feed samples auxotrophic strains could be a useful tool to identify the limiting amino acids. The bacterial assays for amino acid assessment are based on the nutritional requirements of the strain, relative concentration and availability of the amino acid in the liquid media, which shows a precise growth response to added amino acids. In the present study we tested triple auxotrophic E. coli strain with the objectives to identify whether this strain can be used to identify all the three limiting amino acids in maize samples. The triple auxotrophic strain was checked on M9 media for nutritional requirement to identify whether it is auxotrophic for methionine, lysine and tryptophan or only for one or two amino acids. The data indicated that triple strain was deficient for all the three amino acids. For further confirmation another experiment was conducted on different corn samples with different level of amino acids. Analysis of variance indicated that the probability of the observed variation due to chance was 0.0329 or less. The data revealed that growth of the triple auxotrophic strain was limited by lysine in most of the corn samples, but samples with extremely high lysine levels may cause growth to be limited by other amino acids. Further experiments should be conducted to optimize triple strain for identification of the all three limiting amino acids in maize.
شیخ انس یٰسین دوسرا حادثہ سعودی عرب کے سابق ہندوستانی سفیر شیخ انس یٰسین کی وفات کا ہے، ابھی وہ جوان تھے، لیکن تدبر و معاملہ فہمی میں تجربہ کار بوڑھوں سے کم نہ تھے، وہ مختلف اوقات میں مختلف ملکوں کی سفارت پر رہے، آج کل ٹرکی میں سفیر تھے، وہیں کار کے حادثہ میں وفات پائی، ان میں اپنے مذہب و ملت کا بڑا درد تھا، ہندوستان کے اسلامی اداروں سے ان کو خاص دلچسپی تھی، اپنی سفارت کے زمانہ میں متعدد اداروں کو دیکھا اور ان کی مدد بھی کی، دارالمصنفین کے بھی محسن تھے، یہاں آنے کا وعدہ بھی کیا تھا، مگر ایسے موقع پیش آتے رہے کہ آنا نہ ہوسکا، دو سال ہوئے دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے مدرسہ ثانویہ کی عمارت کا سنگ بنیاد رکھنے کے لئے لکھنو آئے تھے تو ان سے ملاقات ہوئی تھی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،اگست ۱۹۷۴ء)
The natural worth of anything consists in its fitness to supply the necessities and serve the conveniences of human needs. The welfare state always strives to put in place the necessary impetus that will ensure the material and spiritual well being of people in its domain. Islamic welfare state shapes the social, economic, cultural and political engagements as a complementary whole guided by the basic principles (Sharia), to establish a society where justice, equity, and economic prosperity are prominent, as well as rape the benefits of this life and the next. This article explains the concept of the welfare state and its basic foundations in the light of Riyast-e-Madinah, which is considered to be the first welfare state. Furthermore, this article enlights the role of the state in social welfare and humanity.
Graphene reinforced metallic nano composites are synthesized with wet chemical synthesis. The efficiency of these synthesized nano composites as photo catalyst in the catalytic degradation of reactive red dye as well as fuel additives is observed. Graphite is used as precursor for the synthesis of graphene at laboratory scale. The synthesized graphene sheets are further used during the synthesis of graphene composites incorporated with metallic nano particles. During the synthesis of graphene based metallic composite the graphene oxide is converted to reduced graphene oxide. The nano composites of rGO-Mn2O, rGO-ZrO2, rGOBiO2 and rGO-ZnAl2O are synthesized using solvothermal and co-precipitation methods of wet chemical approach. Graphene oxide (GO) is converted to GO suspension using ultrasonic treatment for its exfoliation before to use in the synthesis procedure of composites. SEM and TEM techniques are used for the morphological characterization of synthesized nano composites. Results obtained through XRD technique are evaluated using Match and VESTA software for structure and sample purity investigation. VESTA is used to draw structures of the synthesized products. The synthesized nano composites are subjected as catalyst in photocatalytic removal of the given dye. UV-Visible spectrophotometer is used to monitor the decreases in absorbance at lambda max 520 nm. Effect of different parameters including catalyst concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration as well as temperature on the efficiency of these synthesized nano composites is observed. The nano composite of rGO-Mn2O showed the best catalytic behavior towards dye degradation. Effect of these nano composites on physical properties (kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, cloud and pour points) and combustion properties of fuel are analyzed using diesel as fuel. Effect of concentration of these nano composites on the properties of fuel is also studied. Fuel blended with nano composite particles showed better