Among vertebrates, snakes have always been obviously unique and interesting. Major venomous snakes (Elapidae and Viperidae) are found in Pakistan. Information on the genetic relationships of organisms is deficient on this unique and distinctive species. The present study was designed for the molecular phylogeny of Elapidae (Common Krait, Black Cobra) and Viperidae (Russell''s viper, saw-scaled vipers) snakes in Pakistan. A total of 100 samples [Twenty five of each species i.e., Krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Black Cobra (Naja naja), Russel’s viper (Daboia russelii) and Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus)] were obtained. Samples were collected from tail tip biopsies and shed skin of the snakes. After DNA extraction, PCR primers of mitochondrial genes (ND4, Cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and COI) and nuclear genes (C-mos, RAG1, BDNF and NT3) were designed by Primer3 software. Some already reported primers in previous studies were also used. Selected regions of the genes were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR products were sequenced bi-directionally by Big DyeTM Terminator on ABI 3130XL Genetic analyzer. Forward and reverse sequences from a given sample was assembled through Sequencher 5.0 software. The resulting contigs were given specific identities. These contigs (sequences) were then aligned with other reported sequences from NCBI database through MEGA 6.0 using ClustalW tool for further data analyses. The nucleotide data for every gene was concatenated using SequenceMatrix 1.7.8 software. The concatenated data was partitioned through PartitionFinder 1.1.1 giving best partition scheme and evolutionary models for phylogenetic analyses. Two types of phylogenetic analyses i.e., Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) were performed through RaxML 8.0 and MrBayes 3.2 softwares. The resulting phylogenetic trees were visualized and saved by Figtree 1.4.3 software. DnaSP 5.0 was used for analyses of polymorphic sites, DNA polymorphism and pairwise number of differences for accessing the variation and genetic biodiversity in four snake species with other species of the respected genera (Bungarus, Naja, Daboia and Echis). Percent identity matrix were also constructed by comparing different species of every snake genus using online tool MUSCLE. The homology among the snake species was presented as line graphs. Black Cobra and Russel’s viper used in this study were found to be different from those found in India while saw scaled viper was similar to northern but different from south Indian one. Common krait needs more studies from Indian subcontinent. So, this study gives an insight in the genetic biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of the four venomous snake species of Pakistan showing considerable inter and intra specific variations from different geographical regions of the world. Inclusion of greater number of samples and diverse sampling is recommended for more resolution in the genetic biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of these snakes so that correct identification with authenticity might help not only in genetic conservation of such species as well as in the development of effective antivenom against venomous snake bites.
علی جواد زیدی کی رحلت افسوس ہے کہ ۶؍ سمبر ۲۰۰۴ء کو جناب سید علی جواد زیدی لکھنو میں رحلت فرماگئے، ان کی وفات علمی و ادبی دنیا کا سخت حادثہ ہے، ان سے راقم کا ذاتی تعلق تھا اور وہ دارالمصنفین کے بڑے قدرداں اور اس کے نہایت مخلص خیر خواہ تھے، مرحوم تقریباً نوے برس کے ہوگئے تھے، عرصے سے بیمار تھے، کئی بار قلبی دورہ بھی پڑ چکا تھا لیکن اس پیری اور بیماری میں بھی ان کے ولولے اور حوصلے جوانوں کی طرح بلند تھے، کتنے ارمان اور کیسے کیسے علمی و ادبی منصوبے ان کے ذہن میں پرورش پاتے رہتے تھے، جب بھی ملاقات ہوتی تو ان کا ذکر دلچسپی سے کرتے تھے، اب شمع علمی کے ایسے پروانے، تلاش، تحقیق اور جستجو کے دیوانے اور شعر و ادب کے متوالے، فضل و کمال کی تحصیل میں سرگرداں اور تحریر و تقریر میں کامل الفن کہاں ملیں گے جن کو اردو، فارسی، عربی، انگریزی اور ہندی پر عبور اور سنسکرت سے واقفیت ہو اور وہ ملک کی گنگا جمنی تہذیب کا دلکش نمونہ، قوم وطن کی محبت میں سرشار اور اپنی مذہبی و اخلاقی قدروں کے پاسباں ہوں، دراصل وہ سانچا ہی ٹوٹ گیا جس میں علی جواد جیسے ذہین و طباع، صائب الراے، معاملہ فہم، عظمت و شرافت کے حامل، مہر و محبت کے پتلے، حلم و مروت کے پیکر اور وضع داری رکھ رکھاؤ اور انکسار کے مجسمے ڈھلا کرتے تھے۔ پیدا کہاں ہیں ایسے پراگندہ طبع لوگ افسوس تم کو میر سے صحبت نہیں رہی علی جواد زیدی شاعر، ادیب، محقق، نقاد، خاکہ نگار، صحافی، عالم، دانشور، سیاست داں، مجاہد آزادی، فرض شناس اور ایمان دار افسر اور مختلف علوم و فنون میں دست گاہ رکھتے تھے، فلسفہ، تاریخ، اقتصادیات، سماجیات، لسانیات، ادبیات اور اسلامیات ہر میدان ان...
The question of economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country has been one of the most important questions in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. It has been highlighted by some economists and jurists about their economic facilities. This paper is intended to discuss the economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country in the light of Quran and Sunnah and the Islamic history. It is the topmost responsibility of the Islamic state/Muslim country to fulfill the basic needs of human life and to encourage voluntary services for the welfare of the poor, to promote equal opportunities in a Muslim country, to enforce social and economic justice in Islam, to provide social security and basic economic facilities, and to give a fair share of economic rights to all citizens. The Government should also provide employment (services), Jizyah and to impose tax on non-Muslims. It will be shown that in Muslim countries, all non-Muslims have equal economic opportunities and rights as other Islamic citizens and also the same status in terms of Islamic economy. This paper may also throw some light on the Islamic Philosophy of economy in the contemporary Muslim world and explore the constituents and effects of an Islamic/Muslim anti-economy policy. This paper will conclude by providing some suggestions on ways of solving contemporary non–Muslim economic problems in Muslim countries nowadays.
Teachers are the pillars of the society, who help students to grow to shoulder the responsibility of taking their nation ahead of others. Teachers’ satisfaction with workplace is the heart of the study. If a teacher is satisfied with his/her job, then he/she will deliver his/her contributions in appropriate way. The major objectives of the study were: (1) to know difference between the views of public and private university teachers regarding their job satisfaction; (2) to differentiate the perceptions of public and private university teachers by academic qualification on their job satisfaction; (3) to explore difference between the opinions of public and private university teachers by age about job satisfaction; (4) to find out difference between the views of public and private university teachers by experience regarding job satisfaction; and (5) to explore the difference between the perceptions of public and private university teachers by gender about job satisfaction. The population of the study consisted of all teachers of public and private universities in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa. The researcher randomly selected 14 (7 public and 7 private) out of 25 universities in Khyber Pakthunkhwa. The sample size was 420 respondents. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Mean Independent Sample t-test was employed for data analysis. No significant difference was found between the perceptions of public and private universities’ teachers on majority 20 dimensions of job satisfaction. However, significant difference was observed between the views of public and private universities’ teachers on some job satisfaction facets. It was concluded that the views of both the public and private universities’ teachers are the same. It was recommended that Higher Education Commission (HEC) may take various measures to remove the gap between the perceptions of public and private universities’ teachers on some facets of job satisfaction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.