This PhD thesis envisages the phytochemical and pharmacological studies of an important member of Rhamnaceae family, Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. The main objective behind this investigation was to authenticate the folkloric history of this plant. Some of the folkloric uses of genus Zizyphus from the available literature include antidiabetic, hepatic protective, antioxidant, and antiulcerinic, antibacterial and anticancer while specifically Zizyphus oxyphylla is famous for its analgesic, antipyretic and hepatic protective uses. Fractions of stem, leaves and roots of Z. oxyphylla were screened for phytochemical constituents while fractions of stem and leaves were screened for pharmacological activities. This scientific pursuit resulted in some significant findings. The phytochemical studies on Z. oxyphylla resulted in isolation and structural elucidation of three new compounds. Two of the new compounds were cyclopeptide alkaloids named Oxyphylline B (1) and Oxyphylline C (2) while the third new compound was a flavone i.e. (+)-R, S Maackiain (3). Apart from these new compounds four other compounds Oxyphylline D (4), Nummularine-C (5), Nummularine-R (6), b-Sitosterol (7) and Stigmasterol 3- O- b-glucosides (8) were also isolated. Amongst these known compounds only Nummularine-R (6) was previously isolated from Z. oxyphylla while other known compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant and thus new source. Oxyphylline B (1), Oxyphylline C (2) and Nummularine-R (6) were isolated from the chloroform fraction of stem of Z. oxyphylla. From the dichloromethane fraction of roots Oxyphylline D (4) and Nummularine-C (5) were isolated while (+)-R, S Maackiain (3), b-Sitosterol (7) and Stigmasterol 3- O- b-glucoside (8) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of leaves of Z. oxyphylla. Stem and leaves oils sub fractions, when analyzed by GC-MS, yielded fatty acids, lipids, long chain hydrocarbons and long chain ketones. Some major compounds which were yielded in high percentage were Heptacosane (10.0782 % in sample WO3), Tetracosane acid, methyl ester (9.2234 % in sample WO2), Dotriacontane, 1-Hexacosene and 1-Eicosene (6.4403, 6.6830 and 6.1095 respectively in sample WO5), 11decyl Tetracosane, (4.2749 % in sample WO1), Azafirin (4.4609 % in sample WO1) and 9-octyl Hexacosane, (3.7489 % in sample WO1). While other known compounds below were 3 % concentrations. Few of the peaks in gas chromatogram and their respective mass spectral data remained unidentified. As regards to pharmacological studies, some interesting and significant findings were obtained. Crude extracts, fraction and some of the isolated compounds were investigated for antibacterial, antifungal, toxicity tests (Brine shrimp bioassay, lemna bioassay, insecticidal), in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and enzyme inhibition bioassays including urease and carbonic anhydrase inhibition bioassays. Only ethyl acetate fraction of leaves showed moderate antibacterial activity. Crude extract and n-hexane fraction of leaves and only n- hexane fraction of stem exhibited 35 % inhibition of fungal growth. Maximum phytotoxic activity was revealed by both stem and leaves at the highest concentration used. Crude extract of leaves gave the highest inhibition (90 %) while chloroform was the most active fraction of stem of Z. oxyphylla. Neither of the extracts and subsequent fractions from stem or leaves were able to produce an impression as active cytotoxic agent. n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves exhibited 40 % mortality against Callosobruchus analis. Two fractions of leaves (chloroform and n-hexane) gave excellent anti inflammatory activity when screened for in vitro anti- inflammatory activity. Polar fractions of stem showed the maximum urease inhibitory activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of the stem gave maximum reading of 86.7 % ± 0.03, while leaves showed low urease inhibitory activity. Stem and leaves of Z. oxyphylla exhibited low to moderate carbonic anhydrase activity. Oxyphylline B (1) showed comparatively better antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 0.1 mg/mL). Oxyphylline C (2) showed a lower antibacterial activity as compared to Oxyphylline B. Oxyphylline D (3) showed its highest antibacterial activity against E. coli and it lowest antibacterial activity against Shigella flexenari. Nummularine-C (5) and Nummularine-R (6) when compared we found that Nummularine-C was more active than Nummularine-R in many cases. Oxyphylline B (1) showed low activity against Candida albicans. While in the case of Oxyphylline C (2) it was found that it was moderately active against three fungal strains i.e. C. albicans, Micropspoum canis and Fusarium solani. Nummularine-R (6) and Oxyphylline B (1) showed low inhibition of Jake bean urease. Both of them gave readings of 35.73 and 34.24 % inhibition. Maximum urease inhibitory activity was shown by Oxyphylline D (3). It inhibited the urease enzyme by 58.21 %. When IC50 ± SEM value was calculated it came out to be 420.11 ± 1.22 μM. New compounds
زندگی کی بوقلمونیاں اور رنگارنگ حقائق نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم صدرِذی وقار!آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے:’’وہ زندگی کی بوقلمونیاں اور رنگارنگ حقائق کے بارے میں ہے‘‘ جناب! زندگی ایک ابدی خوشی کا نام ہے۔ زندگی ایک غیر مرئی چاہت کا نام ہے زندگی جگنو کے نور کا نام ہے، زندگی دل کے سرور کا نام ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! زندگی ایک ایسا پھول ہے جس کی مہک سے گلشنِ حیات کی فضا معطر ہوجاتی ہے۔ زندگی ایک ایسے جذ بے کا نام ہے جو نا امیدی کی دلدل میںکبھی نہیں گرنے دیتا، زندگی ایک ایسی چمک کا نام ہے جس سے مُردنی اور موت کے سائے بھاگ جاتے ہیں۔ صدرِ ذی وقار! زندگی نے ہی تو مجھے معاشرے میں چلنے کا سلیقہ سکھایا، زندگی نے ہی تو مجھے قبیلے کا ایک اہم رکن بنایا، زندگی نے ہی تو حرارت ِایمانی بخشی، زندگی نے ہی تو مجھے عبادت کا ڈھنگ سکھایا، زندگی ہی نے مجھے خود شناسی کے علاوہ خداشناسی بخشی۔ معزز سامعین! میرے مخالف نے تو حد کر دی ہے۔ لیکن کیا ہوا مخالفوں نے تو مخالفت تو کرنی ہی ہوتی ہے، زندگی کو ایک مصیبت کے طور پہ پیش کیا ہے، زندگی سے مخاصمانہ رویہ محمودنہیں ہے، زندگی خود اس کی آمد کا سبب ہے، اُس کے والدین کی زندگی اُس کی حیات نو کا سبب ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! زندگی ہے تو بطخ کا بچہ بھی تالاب میں تیراکی کرتا ہوا اچھا لگتا ہے، زندگی ہے تو فلک کی بلندیوں پرمحو پرواز طائر خوش الحان کی اڑان میں انفرادیت نظر آتی ہے۔ زندگی ہے تو شاخِ مغیلاں پر چہکتی ہوئی کنجشک مادہ اپنے بچوں کو چوگ دیتی ہوئی اچھی لگتی ہے۔ معزز سامعین! میں یہ...
Indeed، the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) is the second sources of Islamic Shariah. It is the sacred knowledge after the Holy Qur’an. It consists of sayings، actions and approvals of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The science of Jarh wa al-Ta’deel (narrator criticism and evaluation) is an important science for the protection of Sunnah. This science comprehensively draws differences of Saḥīḥ from Dha’īf. The religious scholars have started working on Jarh wa al-Ta’deel from the time of companions and successors. Among them a great Moḥaddis was Imām Abu Bakr Ahmad bin ‘Amr Baẓẓār. He has written the book، “Al-Musnad Al-Bahar Al-Ẓakhkhār”. This book consists of a huge compilation of Aḥadīth and its science. Imām Bazzār has discussed about Asānīd، Ahwāl Rijāl، Ilal Aḥadīth، Mutābi’āt and Tafarradāt. He had adopted a unique research methodology، however، he was among lenient Imāms of Jarh wa al-Ta’deel. Sometimes، he misunderstood reporters and reports. This article attempts to analyze his methodology as a lenient Imām while discussing chains of reporters and reporters of Aḥadīth. This study uses a critical and comparative research methodology to investigate reporters and reports and will be beneficial for researchers and scholars in the field of Hadith and its Sciences.
This thesis describes the experimental study of the sooting discharges in which a variety of carbon clusters is produced. The regenerative sooting discharges have been studied and their carbon cluster forming characteristics are compared with the non-regenerative sooting discharges. A large number of experimental arrangements have been used in which sublimation and sputtering processes were investigated in detail to understand the basic mechanisms for the formation of carbon clusters. The effects of experimental parameters on the clusters formed in the two types of carbonaceous discharges i.e. the non-regenerative and the regenerative sooting discharges are reported. Continuous as well as pulsed operations of the discharges have been studied. The carbon clusters are produced in carbonaceous environments where either the high temperature arc discharges sublime the graphite electrodes or the glow/arc discharges in the graphite hollow cathodes take place with sputtering being the dominant mechanism. Regenerative soot is shown to have different characteristics and constituents compared with those in the non-regenerative soot. We have shown that small clusters dominate in the regenerative sooting discharges. The basic constituents of the two types of soot are also different; in the case of the regenerative soot C 3 is the basic constituents while for the non- regenerative soot C 2 seems to be an essential basic unit. Emission spectroscopy of the non- regenerative discharges indicates the predominance of diatomic carbon C 2 in the continuous as well as the pulsed modes. C 2 is the main sublimed species. Under these conditions cage closure leading to fullerenes and nanotubes is more likely. Mass spectrometry with an ExB Wien velocity filter has been used to complement the results of emission spectroscopy in the case of the regenerative soot. The mass spectra from graphite hollow cathode duoplasmatron ion source clearly show that C 3 is the major surviving specie along with other clusters C 4 & C 5 with lesser yields. The environment of the twin plasmas in the duoplasmatron ion source is such that higher clusters cannot survive and are fragmented into smaller clusters with C 3 as the dominant end product.