This PhD thesis envisages the phytochemical and pharmacological studies of an important member of Rhamnaceae family, Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. The main objective behind this investigation was to authenticate the folkloric history of this plant. Some of the folkloric uses of genus Zizyphus from the available literature include antidiabetic, hepatic protective, antioxidant, and antiulcerinic, antibacterial and anticancer while specifically Zizyphus oxyphylla is famous for its analgesic, antipyretic and hepatic protective uses. Fractions of stem, leaves and roots of Z. oxyphylla were screened for phytochemical constituents while fractions of stem and leaves were screened for pharmacological activities. This scientific pursuit resulted in some significant findings. The phytochemical studies on Z. oxyphylla resulted in isolation and structural elucidation of three new compounds. Two of the new compounds were cyclopeptide alkaloids named Oxyphylline B (1) and Oxyphylline C (2) while the third new compound was a flavone i.e. (+)-R, S Maackiain (3). Apart from these new compounds four other compounds Oxyphylline D (4), Nummularine-C (5), Nummularine-R (6), b-Sitosterol (7) and Stigmasterol 3- O- b-glucosides (8) were also isolated. Amongst these known compounds only Nummularine-R (6) was previously isolated from Z. oxyphylla while other known compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant and thus new source. Oxyphylline B (1), Oxyphylline C (2) and Nummularine-R (6) were isolated from the chloroform fraction of stem of Z. oxyphylla. From the dichloromethane fraction of roots Oxyphylline D (4) and Nummularine-C (5) were isolated while (+)-R, S Maackiain (3), b-Sitosterol (7) and Stigmasterol 3- O- b-glucoside (8) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of leaves of Z. oxyphylla. Stem and leaves oils sub fractions, when analyzed by GC-MS, yielded fatty acids, lipids, long chain hydrocarbons and long chain ketones. Some major compounds which were yielded in high percentage were Heptacosane (10.0782 % in sample WO3), Tetracosane acid, methyl ester (9.2234 % in sample WO2), Dotriacontane, 1-Hexacosene and 1-Eicosene (6.4403, 6.6830 and 6.1095 respectively in sample WO5), 11decyl Tetracosane, (4.2749 % in sample WO1), Azafirin (4.4609 % in sample WO1) and 9-octyl Hexacosane, (3.7489 % in sample WO1). While other known compounds below were 3 % concentrations. Few of the peaks in gas chromatogram and their respective mass spectral data remained unidentified. As regards to pharmacological studies, some interesting and significant findings were obtained. Crude extracts, fraction and some of the isolated compounds were investigated for antibacterial, antifungal, toxicity tests (Brine shrimp bioassay, lemna bioassay, insecticidal), in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and enzyme inhibition bioassays including urease and carbonic anhydrase inhibition bioassays. Only ethyl acetate fraction of leaves showed moderate antibacterial activity. Crude extract and n-hexane fraction of leaves and only n- hexane fraction of stem exhibited 35 % inhibition of fungal growth. Maximum phytotoxic activity was revealed by both stem and leaves at the highest concentration used. Crude extract of leaves gave the highest inhibition (90 %) while chloroform was the most active fraction of stem of Z. oxyphylla. Neither of the extracts and subsequent fractions from stem or leaves were able to produce an impression as active cytotoxic agent. n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves exhibited 40 % mortality against Callosobruchus analis. Two fractions of leaves (chloroform and n-hexane) gave excellent anti inflammatory activity when screened for in vitro anti- inflammatory activity. Polar fractions of stem showed the maximum urease inhibitory activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of the stem gave maximum reading of 86.7 % ± 0.03, while leaves showed low urease inhibitory activity. Stem and leaves of Z. oxyphylla exhibited low to moderate carbonic anhydrase activity. Oxyphylline B (1) showed comparatively better antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 0.1 mg/mL). Oxyphylline C (2) showed a lower antibacterial activity as compared to Oxyphylline B. Oxyphylline D (3) showed its highest antibacterial activity against E. coli and it lowest antibacterial activity against Shigella flexenari. Nummularine-C (5) and Nummularine-R (6) when compared we found that Nummularine-C was more active than Nummularine-R in many cases. Oxyphylline B (1) showed low activity against Candida albicans. While in the case of Oxyphylline C (2) it was found that it was moderately active against three fungal strains i.e. C. albicans, Micropspoum canis and Fusarium solani. Nummularine-R (6) and Oxyphylline B (1) showed low inhibition of Jake bean urease. Both of them gave readings of 35.73 and 34.24 % inhibition. Maximum urease inhibitory activity was shown by Oxyphylline D (3). It inhibited the urease enzyme by 58.21 %. When IC50 ± SEM value was calculated it came out to be 420.11 ± 1.22 μM. New compounds
جناب محمد طفیل ادھر گذشہ تین مہینے میں اس برصغیر میں چار موتیں ہوئیں جن سے علمی حلقے کو بڑا صدمہ پہنچا، ان کی یادیں برابر آتی رہیں گی۔جناب محمد طفیل اڈیٹر نقوش لاہور اپنے کسی کام سے اسلام آباد آئے، رات کو خوش خوش سوئے تو اپنی میٹھی نیند ہی میں ۵؍ جولائی ۱۹۸۶ء کو اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے، اور اپنے بے شمار قدردانوں کو سوگوار چھوڑ گئے، انھوں نے نقوش کو اپنی ادارت میں ایک علمی فیکٹری بنا رکھا تھا، جس طرح کسی فیکٹری سے مشینیں ڈھل کر نکلتی ہیں، اسی طرح نقوش سے طرح طرح کے علمی و ادبی نمبر نکلتے رہے، غزل نمبر، افسانہ نمبر، مکاتیب نمبر، خطوط نمبر، شخصیات نمبر، طنز و مزاح نمبر، منٹو نمبر، بہ طرس نمبر، لاہور نمبر، آپ بیتی نمبر، ادب آلعالیہ نمبر، ادبی معرکہ نمبر، غالب نمبر، میرتقی میر نمبر، شوکت تھانوی نمبر، میر انیس نمبر اور اقبال نمبر کے علاوہ آخر میں تیرہ جلدوں میں رسول نمبر نکالا، اور قرآن نمبر نکالنے کی فکر میں تھے کہ خود وہاں پہنچ گئے جہاں سے یہ مقدس صحیفہ نازل ہوا تھا۔ یہ سارے نمبر علمی، ادبی اور تاریخی، انسائیکلوپیڈیا بن گئے ہیں، اس لحاظ سے وہ خوش نصیب تھے کہ ان کا خاتمہ بالخیر رسول نمبر پر ہوا، اس کی تیرہ (۱۳) جلدیں دینی فیوض اور ملی برکات کا سرچشمہ بنی رہیں گی، یہ بیسویں صدی میں اردو زبان کا ایسا شاندار کارنامہ ہے جو مدت مدید تک یاد رکھا جائے گا، وہ اپنی دنیاوی زندگی میں لوگوں کو علمی کوثر، ادبی تسنیم اور دینی سلسبیل کے جام پر جام پلاتے رہے، دعا ہے کہ اب جہاں وہ پہنچ گئے ہیں وہاں برکت اخروی کی کوثر، مغفرت الٰہی کی تسنیم اور رحمت ایزدی کے سلسبیل سے سیراب ہوتے رہیں، آمین، وہ اپنے پیچھے یہ درس چھوڑ گئے ہیں...
This study aims to analyze the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Employee Performance through Work Stress at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I. This research method is an explanatory research, the analysis unit in this study is employees who work in the Directorate General of Customs and Excise Office. East Java I region, which consists of 80 structural officials, 79 functional officials and 1323 executive staff. The method of collecting research data using a questionnaire. The results showed that organizational culture affects the work stress of employees at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I, this shows that organizational culture is able to increase the work stress of employees of the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java. Organizational culture influences the performance of the employees of the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I, this shows that with a good and appropriate organizational culture, it is able to increase the performance of the employees of the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I. New organizational culture that also improves Employee stress, namely the imposition of input into daily work activity reports by employees in the daily logbook through an internet-based application with details on the types of activities, time norms, achievement targets and employee daily problems for all levels of employees, both structural, functional and executive.
Chromium is a toxic element and exists in two stable oxidation states, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) where the later is very toxic to human beings. The presence of strong oxidants in soil and water can change Cr(III) into harmful Cr(VI). Therefore, it is necessary to remove both the chromium species from aqueous solutions. Thus, the present study pertains to the use of commercially available different organic ion exchangers for the removal of Cr(III) ions from aqueous solutions. The exchangers used are macroporous weak acid exchanger Amberlite.IRC-50 and strong acid exchangers, microporous Amberlite.IR-120 and macroporous Amberlyst-15. The sorption studies are conducted employing the concentration in the range of 0.962-19.231 mmol/L at different temperatures of 293, 313, 323 and 333K. It is observed that Cr(III) sorption increases with increasing concentration, time and temperature of the solution. The selectivity of exchangers towards Cr(III) ions is found to follow the order Amberlyst-15 > Amberlite.IR-120 > Amberlite.IRC-50 which is controlled by the surface morphology, functionality and porosity of the resin matrix and mobility of the exchanging ions. The maximum exchange capacity observed for macroporous Amberlyst-15(H+) is 1.20 mmol/g which increases to 1.31 mmol/g at 333K. All the Na+ forms of the exchangers particularly the weak acid exchanger Amberlite.IRC-50 are found to co-sorb H+ along with Cr(OH)2+ ions. This H+ co-sorption is observed to increase with the increase in temperature and is thus endothermic in nature. The equilibrium data is subjected to the Langmuir equation to determine the maximum exchange capacities (Xm) and binding energy constants (Kb). The Amberlyst- 15 has greatest exchange capacity among the all exchangers due to its porous structure and largest contact area, while the weak acid exchanger Amberlite.IRC-50 has the greatest binding energy constants due to stronger interaction of Cr(III) with the carboxylic groups as compared to sulphonic groups in strong acid exchangers. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) for Cr(III) sorption are also evaluated. The values of both ΔH and ΔS are positive showing that process is endothermic and is accompanied by the dehydration of Cr(III) ions. Further, these values are found to be lower for macroporous Amberlyst-15(Na+) due to the presence of abundant water molecules in the resin matrix. The ΔH and ΔS are linearly related showing the process to be entropy driven ion exchange. The kinetics data and the interruption tests suggest the pre-dominance of particle diffusion mechanism. The macropore diffusion rates are higher than micropore diffusion rates in Amberlyst-15. The activation parameters are calculated by Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The lower activation energy of weak acid exchanger is due to the increased co-sorption of H+ ions at higher temperature which facilitates the dissociation of carboxylic group for Cr(III) binding. The IR and XPS studies confirmed the electrostatic interaction is the mechanism of chromium binding with the ionogenic sites of the exchangers. Both the co-ions and counter-ions are observed to have a profound effect on the removal of Cr(III) ions by the Amberlyst-15(H+). To find out the co-ions effect, Cr(III) sorption is undertaken as a function of time and temperature using CrCl3.6H2O and [Cr4(SO4)5(OH)2] solutions, while for counter ions effects, the sorption on H+, Li+, Na+, Ca2+ and Al3+ forms is investigated. The rate is found to be governed by the particle diffusion for both the co-ions chloride and sulphate and is faster for Cl- solution than SO42-. The exchange capacities are, however, found to be higher for SO42- system than Cl- . It is suggested that in case of Cl- solutions, the metal is exchanged as Cr3+, while in case of SO42- solutions, the metal exchanging specie is CrSO4+. The selectivity of Amberlyst- 15 is observed to follow the order univalent > divalent > trivalent forms which is associated to the electrostatic interaction of ions with the fixed group of the exchanger. The thermodynamic and activation parameters reveal that the mechanism of Cr(III) sorption for all the counter ions is the entropy driven ion exchange. The rate of sorption of three metal ions Cr(III), Ca(II) and Al(III) on Amberlyst- 15(H+) at different temperatures (293, 313 and 333K) is also studied from equimolar mixed system. The selectivity of metal ions is observed to be in the order: Ca(II) > Cr(III) > Al(III). The hydration energy changes of metal ions are playing the dominant role in determining the selectivity of the resin. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters like activation energy, enthalpy and entropy of activation have also been evaluated and their significance is discussed.