Stripe rust, a serious threat to food security, has a worldwide distribution and also responsible for up to 70% yield losses in wheat. There is a dire need to develop stripe rust resistant varieties which is an environment friendly and ultimate solution to minimize yield losses in wheat. The present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in a segregating population’s genome that is enriched with yellow rust genes and their interactions with agro-morphological traits. In this study, two segregating wheat populations (NIGAB-08 and NIGAB-09), which were developed at National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB) have been analyzed at seedling and adult plant stage against stripe rust along with its effects on yield contributing traits. Further, it was screened for the presence of stripe rust resistance genes by using various available molecular markers. In all, NIGAB-08 (F5 and F6) segregating population comprised of 50 wheat lines and NIGAB-09 (F5 and F6) segregating populations having 86 wheat lines have been evaluated for yield contributing traits in the consecutive two years. Among them, 50 wheat lines of NIGAB-08 and 60 wheat lines of NIGAB-09 were evaluated for genetic variation in markers linked with stripe rust in consecutive two years. Results have shown that Coefficient of Infection (CI) value has a negative correlation with yield per plant by direct or indirect effects on other traits including tillers per plant, spikelet per spike, spike length and 1000 grains weight. Moreover, it has been observed that spike length, spikelet per spike and thousand grain weight have a positive correlation with yield per plant. Regression analysis in NIGAB-08 showed the same results that spikelet per spike, spike length and 1000 grains weight are the significant yield contributing traits. Then the segregating wheat populations were evaluated for yellow rust resistance at seedling and adult plant stage. In NIGAB- 08, 87% of the population was resistant, 2% having the intermediate type of resistance and 10% was susceptible at seedling stage (in greenhouse experiment) that indicate the presence of major yellow rust (Yr) resistant genes in this population. While NIGAB-09 wheat population was observed for 83% resistant, 5% intermediate and 13% of the population found as susceptible. It showed that the population is enriched with major Yr genes. NIGAB-08 showed 16% of the population was resistant, 47% showed an intermediate type of resistance while 35% was found as susceptible at adult plant stage. These results indicate that NIGAB-08 wheat population has less number of minor Yr genes as compared to major Yr genes. In Field evaluation, 79% of NIGAB-09 population was scored as resistant, 11% with intermediate type of resistance and 10% as susceptible. These results showed that the population is also enriched with minor Yr genes along with some major genes. Both wheat segregating populations (NIGAB-08 and NIGAB-09) were assayed for the presence of stripe rust resistance genes by using 27 SSR and microsatellite markers. In NIGAB-09 wheat population, on the basis of distance of marker from target gene, Yr5 showed 56% presence in F5 population and 55% in F6 whereas; Yr7, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr29, Yr35 Yr36, YrCN19/Yr41 and YrHua showed 58%, 70%, 70%, 45%, 70%, 52%, 64%, 78%, 26% and 56% presence in first year of study respectively ( F5 Population) and 70%, 62%, 92%, 47%, 90%, 70%, 70%, 70%, 75% and 83% in second year of study (F6 population), respectively. In NIGAB-08 segregating wheat population, it had been observed that frequency of Yr5 was 84% in F5 segregating lines and 88% in F6 population while the Yr7 genes was 44% present in F5 and 30% in F6 population whereas Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr29, Yr35 Yr36, YrCN19/Yr41 and YrHua were 72%, 54%, 68%, 56%, 94%, 46%, 56%, 54% and 48% abundant in the first year of study (F5 Population) while, 94%, 46%, 88%, 70%, 92%, 48%, 62%, 50% and 62% in consecutive next year of study (F6 segregating population). Dendrograms have been developed for both populations on the basis of low Coefficient of Infection value, higher Thousand Grain Weight and Yield per plant (values) to identify the slow rusting lines in these segregating wheat populations along with best agro-morphological traits. One line of NIGAB-08 (Line no. 40) and eighteen lines of NIGAB-09 (Line no. 2, 6, 10, 17, 20, 21, 22, 27, 30, 35, 39, 49, 82, 84, 89, 94, 97, and 108) have shown best results in terms of seedling screening, field evaluation against stripe rust along with agro-morphological traits and in molecular evaluation in these wheat lines. When wheat lines were selected on the basis of best results at seedling stage and adult plant resistance, the two lines of NIGAB-08 (23, 36) and 35 wheat lines of NIGAB-09 (5, 16, 19, 24, 26, 28,29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 52, 54, 57, 60,61, 62, 68, 70, 71, 73, 83, 86, 95, 98,105, 109, 110) were found in this category. Nine wheat lines of NIGAB-08 (4, 11, 10, 35, 63, 41, 32, 53, 61) and twenty wheat lines of NIGAB-09 (51, 8, 69,107, 3, 88, 85, 65, 93, 87, 27, 92, 76, 74, 12, 75,106, 13, 25, 38) have shown good results in screening at adult plat stage with best agro-morphological traits and in molecular evaluation. This study has been focused on to screen segregating wheat populations in all aspects, which are enriched with stripe rust resistance genes which can further be utilized in developing commercial wheat varieties. Some novel genes have also been identified during these studies which were not previously reported in Pakistani wheat cultivars.
اک سی خرگوش تے اک سی گدڑ۔ خرگوش گدڑ دا ماما سی۔ دونواں نے اک اک بیری دا رکھ لایا۔ خرگوش اپنی بیری نوں ویلے سر پانی دیندا، دوجے جانوراں توں راکھی کردا تاں جے اوہ ایس نوں کھا نہ جاون۔ گدڑ اپنی بیری ولوں اوناں ای لاپرواہ سی۔ کدے کدے پانی دیندا۔ اوہ وی گندی نالی دا۔ کجھ دناں دے بعد دوہاں دیاں بیریاں وڈیاں ہو گئیاں۔خرگوش دی بیری نوں مٹھے تے گدڑ دی بیری نوں کوڑے بیر لگدے سن۔ جدوں گدڑ نے بیر کھانے ہوندے تاں اوہ خرگوش کولوں منگ لیندا۔ اسرے بیر کھا کے اوہ ہور بیر منگدا تاں خرگوش آکھدا بس بس، سواد پے جاؤ گا۔
اک دن خرگوش تے گدڑ بازار گئے اور ویکھیا کہ اک دکان تے اوہدا مالک موجود نہیں۔ اوہ دونویں دکان اندر وڑ جاندے نیں۔ خرگوش آپ کھنڈ دی بوری اتے بہہ کے مزے نال کھنڈ کھاندا رہندا اے۔ گدڑ نوں اوہ مر چاں والی بوری اتے بہا دیندا اے۔ گدڑ نوں جدوں مرچاں چڑھ دیا نیں تاں اوہ خرگوش کولوں کھنڈ کھاون نوں منگدا اے۔ خرگوش اوہنوں آکھدا اے کہ چپ کر جا۔ تیری آواز سن کے دکان دار نہ آ جاوے۔ اپنے چرنوں دکان دار آ جاندا اے۔ خرگوش چھیتی نال اوتھوں نس جاندا اے تے گدڑ دکان دار دے قابو آ جاندا اے۔ شام نوں اوہ گدڑ نوں اپنے گھر لیا کے بنھ لیندا اے۔ اوہ گدڑ نوں کھاون نوں سکی روٹیاں تے پین نوں گرم پانی دیندا ٓے۔ ایس پاروں گدڑ بہت ماڑا ہو گیا۔
کجھ دناں بعد اوس نوں کسے دوسرے شہر کم لئی جانا پیندا اے۔ اوہ اپنی گھر والی نوں آکھدا اے کہ گدڑ نوں سکی روٹی دینی اے تے پین لئی گرم پانی۔ اوہدے گھر والی بولی ہوندی...
Abstrak Tracer Study pada Prodi S1 Pendidikan Tata Busana merupakan metode yang digunakan pada perguruan tinggi terutama di Universitas Negeri Surabaya yang digunakan sebagai penghubung antara instansi dan stakeholder untuk mengetahui dan menggali beberapa informasi dalam memperoleh umpan balik (feedback) dari alumninya. Umpan balik (feedback) digunakan sebagai bahan perbaikan sistem dan pengelolaan serta menggali informasi terkait keberadaan alumni. Kegiatan tracer study dilaksanakan dengan memberikan pemetaan antara lulusan yang bekerja di berbagai instansi. Keterserapan alumni merupakan bagian dari persentase keberhasilan alumni untuk masuk di dunia kerja sesuai dengan bidang kompetensi yang diperoleh selama melaksanakan studi di perguruan tinggi. Lulusan/alumni dari Prodi S1 Pendidikan Tata Busana yang memiliki pengetahuan, dan keterampilan yang akan dibutuhkan pada saat memasuki dunia kerja, baik itu bekerja pada instansi pemerintahan, swasta maupun berwirausaha. Hasil Tracer Study Program Studi S1 Pendidikan Tata Busana telah menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik lulusan bekerja di bidang pendidikan dan berwirausaha. Sebanyak 23, 3% bekerja sebagai guru atau tenaga pengajar. 41, 7% para alumni bekerja secara mandiri yaitu dengan berwirausaha dan sesuai dengan bidang keahliahnya, selebihnya bekerja pada sektor bidang pekerjaan lain. Waktu tunggu lulusan program Studi S1 Pendidikan Tata Busana menunjukkan bahwa 73% sebelum mereka lulusan kurang dari 3 bulan setelah lulus sudah mendapatkan pekerjaan, artinya tidak perlu menunggu lama bagi lulusan program studi S1 Pendidikan Tata Busana untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan pertamanya Kata Kunci: Tracer study, Lulusan, Jenis Pekerjaan
The rapidly growing applications of software in critical systems such as railways, aviation, automobiles, and medicine, demand a much higher level of reliability and error- free operation. The use of formal methods in such applications not only helps avoid specification errors, ambiguities, and inconsistencies in early phases of software life cycle, but also provides a sound basis for generation of an effective set of test cases. However, the existing research on formal specification based testing has focused on unit level testing only. This research is aimed at automating the generation of class level as well as integration level test cases for an object-oriented system using formal specifications. We use VDM++ formal specification language for this purpose. As a result of our research, we present a framework, called SpecTGS, that automatically generates specification based test cases for object-oriented systems using VDM++ as the specification language. For class testing, the SpecTGS uses the trace structure definition of a VDM++ class specification to derive allowable method call sequences, and partition analysis to generate test data. For integration testing, we have proposed a novel idea that extracts testing information from the VDM++ specification and UML communication diagrams. The SpecTGS derives message sequences from a UML communication diagram, and uses the VDM++ specification to construct state invariants for the states in which a class can receive a message. A new strategy for constructing sub-states from a state invariant called partitioned boundary state coverage that combines two existing strategies, i.e. partition ivanalysis strategy and the boundary state coverage strategy. Each message sequence generated from the UML communication diagrams is combined with the sub-states to construct a test model. The test model is then used to derive the test paths under various coverage criteria. A proof-of-concept tool has been developed to implement and evaluate the SpecTGS framework. The results for the integration testing approach have been shown for a real-life case study selected from the literature.