Economic Facilities for Non-Muslims in a Muslim Country in the Light of Quran and Sunnah

The question of economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country has been one of the most important questions in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. It has been highlighted by some economists and jurists about their economic facilities. This paper is intended to discuss the economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country in the light of Quran and Sunnah and the Islamic history. It is the topmost responsibility of the Islamic state/Muslim country to fulfill the basic needs of human life and to encourage voluntary services for the welfare of the poor, to promote equal opportunities in a Muslim country, to enforce social and economic justice in Islam, to provide social security and basic economic facilities, and to give a fair share of economic rights to all citizens. The Government should also provide employment (services), Jizyah and to impose tax on non-Muslims. It will be shown that in Muslim countries, all non-Muslims have equal economic opportunities and rights as other Islamic citizens and also the same status in terms of Islamic economy. This paper may also throw some light on the Islamic Philosophy of economy in the contemporary Muslim world and explore the constituents and effects of an Islamic/Muslim anti-economy policy. This paper will conclude by providing some suggestions on ways of solving contemporary non–Muslim economic problems in Muslim countries nowadays.

Synthesis of Ln-Srxmoyoz Nanoparticles and Their Application in Photocatalysis

In this work mixed metal oxides nanoparticles were synthesized containing “Mo” and “Sr” as basic elements and lanthanides (La & Gd) were doped using sonication, sol-gel and hydrothermal methods with variation in calcination temperature and reaction time. The nanomaterials synthesized were computed theoretically and later on compared photocatalytically. MoO3 nanoparticles were synthesized using sonication and sol-gel methods for 04 hours and calcined at 03 different temperatures 250, 350 and 450 °C. To conclude the best suitable method for the synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles were characterized using fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis-diffraction scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), dynamic laser scattering-particle size analyser (DLS-PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and UV-Visible spectrometer. The optical properties like band gap, extinction coefficient (K), refractive index (n), optical conductivity (ρ), dielectric functions (εr and εi) and Urbach energy (EU) were determined. The sol-gel method were concluded the better one and later on used for the synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles with the reaction time of 10 and 24 hours. SrMoO4 nanocomposites were synthesized by varying the “Sr” and “Mo” concentration with change in reaction time of 04, 10 and 24 hours using the sol-gel method. The nanocomposites were characterized using FTIR, Raman analysis, SEM-EDX, HRTEM, DLS-PSA, XRD and UV-Visible spectrometer. The refinement parameters were calculated with the help of XRDdata using FULLPROFF and PROFEX software. The optical properties like band gap, extinction coefficient (K), refractive index (n), optical conductivity (ρ), dielectric functions (εr and εi) and Urbach energy (EU) were determined. Lanthanides (La and Gd) doped SrMoO4 nanocomposites were synthesized using hydrothermal method and characterized using FTIR, Raman analysis, SEM-EDX spectroscopy, TEM, DLS-PSA, XRD analysis and UV-Visible spectrometer. The refinement parameters were calculated with the help of XRD-data using FULLPROF and PROFEX software. The optical properties like band gap, extinction coefficient (K), refractive index (n), optical conductivity (ρ), dielectric functions (εr and εi) and Urbach energy (EU) were determined. All the synthesized nanomaterials were computed theoretically using SCM-ADF/BAND and VESTA software using Density Function Theory (DFT) principles with Kohn-Sham approach. Different parameters like change in basis set, Hubbard potential, XC-functional (LDA, GGA, Meta and Model) were run to obtain the results closet to the experimental one. Relationship between theoretical and experimental band gap was observed. Density of state (DOS) analysis was performed and contribution of elements “Mo”, “O”, “Sr”, “Gd” and “La” were observed with respect to fermi energy. MOPAC software results in the geometry and frequency optimization using semi-empirical Hamiltonians calculations with PM7 code. VESTA software gives the complete 3D structural representation of synthesized nanoparticles and nanocomposites with the detailed lattice and structural parameters. The photo-catalytic activity of all the nanoparticles and nanocomposites were done against anthropogenic organo-pollutants 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4,6dinitrophenol. These both organo-pollutants are used in military and textile industries. The results of photocatalysis are in relation to type of metal oxide, synthesis method, synthesis conditions, change in particle size and band gap are compared with respect to percentage degradation and kvalues.